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Kinds of knowledge
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Kinds of knowledge
Introduction · anwāʿ al-ʿilm al-ḥādith · pp. 21–22
أَنْوَاعُ الْعِلْمِ الْحَادِثِ
Draft · awaiting review
Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Text
- Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
إِدْرَاكُ مُفْرَدٍ تَصَوُّرًا عُلِمْوَدَرْكُ نِسْبَةٍ بِتَصْدِيقٍ وُسِمْ
وَقَدِّمِ الْأَوَّلَ عِنْدَ الْوَضْعِلِأَنَّهُ مُقَدَّمٌ بِالطَّبْعِ
Perceiving a single thing is known as conception; perceiving a relation is called assent. Put the first first when setting out, because it comes first by nature.
Google Translate ↗pp. 21–22
وَالنَّظَرِي مَا احْتَاجَ لِلتَّأَمُّلِوَعَكْسُهُ هُوَ الضَّرُورِيُّ الْجَلِي
وَمَا بِهِ إِلَى تَصَوُّرٍ وُصِلْيُدْعَى بِقَوْلٍ شَارِحٍ فَلْتَبْتَهِلْ
وَمَا لِتَصْدِيقٍ بِهِ تُوُصِّلَابِحُجَّةٍ يُعْرَفُ عِنْدَ الْعُقَلَا
The theoretical is what needs reflection, and its opposite is the necessary, the evident. What leads to a conception is called an explanatory phrase — so take note; and what is used to reach an assent is known among the wise as a proof.
Google Translate ↗p. 22
The lesson
Created — the knowledge of creatures, as opposed to God's — is of two kinds. Perceiving a single thing is (taṣawwur); perceiving a relation, that one thing is or is not another, is (taṣdīq). Conception is put first in teaching because it comes first by nature: an assent always needs the conceptions of its parts.
Each is either theoretical (naẓarī), needing , or necessary (ḍarūrī), evident without it. What leads to an unknown is the explanatory phrase (qawl shāriḥ), that is, a ; what leads to an unknown is a proof (ḥujja). These two — definition and proof — are the two halves of the poem.
Terms
- الْعِلْمُ الْحَادِثُ al-ʿilm al-ḥādith
- created knowledge, the knowledge of creatures
- التَّصَوُّرُ al-taṣawwur
- conception: perceiving a single thing
- التَّصْدِيقُ al-taṣdīq
- assent: perceiving a relation
- النَّظَرِيُّ al-naẓarī
- theoretical: needs reflection
- الضَّرُورِيُّ al-ḍarūrī
- necessary: evident
- الْقَوْلُ الشَّارِحُ al-qawl al-shāriḥ
- explanatory phrase: leads to a conception
- الْحُجَّةُ al-ḥujja
- proof: leads to an assent
Examples
إِدْرَاكُ مُفْرَدٍ تَصَوُّرًا عُلِمْ
perceiving a single thing is known as conception
Test yourself
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Question 1
Why is conception put before assent?
An needs the of its parts, so conception comes first by nature (bi-l-ṭabʿ).
Question 2
What leads to an unknown assent?
The explanatory phrase leads to a ; the proof leads to an .
Question 3
Knowledge that needs reflection is called…
The theoretical is what needs ; its opposite is the necessary, the evident.
Next lesson: The three kinds of signification
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