سرورق / al-Sullam al-munawraq / 18 میں سے سبق 8
جھلک
مرحلہ 1 کے سبق 8 کی ایک جھلک۔ مرحلہ 1 مرحلہ 1 کے بعد کھلتا ہے؛ تب تک آپ یہ سبق پڑھ سکتے ہیں، مگر اس کا امتحان اور آگے کا راستہ بند رہے گا۔
مقفل
The definers and their conditions
al-Sullam al-munawraq کی طرف واپسمغاربی راستہ · مرحلہ 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · 18 میں سے سبق 8
The definers and their conditions
Conceptions · al-muʿarrifāt · ص 23–24
الْمُعَرِّفَاتُ
مسودہ · نظرِ ثانی کا منتظر
عربی متن، Jakarta 1434/2013 کے مطبوعہ نسخے کے مطابق · ترجمہ The Mantiqi، مسودہ
اس متن کے بارے میں
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- متن
- عربی, The Mantiqi نے اس مطبوعہ نسخے سے نقل کیا: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 اسکین دیکھیں
- اسباق کی بنیاد
- اسباق The Mantiqi کی اپنی وضاحت ہیں، خود متن کے باب بہ باب۔
- ترجمہ
- The Mantiqi کا اپنا؛ مسودہ۔
- نظرِ ثانی
- مسودہ، Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf کی نظرِ ثانی کا منتظر۔
متن
کوئی اور زبان چاہیے؟ «Google Translate» کسی حصے کو گوگل کے مشینی ترجمے میں کھولتا ہے — ابتدائی اندازے کے لیے مفید، مگر ہم نے اسے جانچا نہیں۔ یا متن اپنی پسند کے مترجم میں نقل کر لیں۔
عربی اصل، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
مُعَرِّفٌ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةٍ قُسِمْحَدٌّ وَرَسْمِيٌّ وَلَفْظِيٌّ عُلِمْ
فَالْحَدُّ بِالْجِنْسِ وَفَصْلٍ وَقَعَاوَالرَّسْمُ بِالْجِنْسِ وَخَاصَّةٍ مَعَا
وَنَاقِصُ الْحَدِّ بِفَصْلٍ أَوْ مَعَاجِنْسٍ بَعِيدٍ لَا قَرِيبٍ وَقَعَا
The definer is divided into three: real definition, description and verbal definition, as is known. The real definition is made of genus and differentia together, and the description of genus and property together. The incomplete definition is by the differentia alone, or together with a far genus, not a near one.
Google Translate ↗ص 23–24
وَنَاقِصُ الرَّسْمِ بِخَاصَّةٍ فَقَطْأَوْ مَعَ جِنْسٍ أَبْعَدٍ قَدِ ارْتَبَطْ
وَمَا بِلَفْظِيٍّ لَدَيْهِمْ شُهِرَاتَبْدِيلُ لَفْظٍ بِرَدِيفٍ أَشْهَرَا
The incomplete description is by the property alone, or joined with a farther genus. What is known among them as verbal is replacing a word by a better-known synonym.
وَشَرْطُ كُلٍّ أَنْ يُرَى مُطَّرِدَامُنْعَكِسًا وَظَاهِرًا لَا أَبْعَدَا
وَلَا مُسَاوِيًا وَلَا تَجَوُّزَابِلَا قَرِينَةٍ بِهَا تُحُرِّزَا
وَلَا بِمَا يُدْرَى بِمَحْدُودٍ وَلَامُشْتَرَكٍ مِنَ الْقَرِينَةِ خَلَا
The condition of each is that it be seen to hold wherever the defined holds and the reverse, clear, not more obscure, nor equal in obscurity, nor figurative without a sign that guards against error, nor by what is known only through the defined, nor equivocal without a sign.
وَعِنْدَهُمْ مِنْ جُمْلَةِ الْمَرْدُودِأَنْ تَدْخُلَ الْأَحْكَامُ فِي الْحُدُودِ
وَلَا يَجُوزُ فِي الْحُدُودِ ذِكْرُ أَوْوَجَائِزٌ فِي الرَّسْمِ فَادْرِ مَا رَوَوْا
Among what they reject is bringing judgements into definitions. In definitions “or” may not be mentioned, but it is allowed in a description — so know what they have handed down.
سبق
A definer is of three kinds: real (ḥadd), description (rasm) and verbal definition (lafẓī). The complete definition joins and , “rational animal”; the complete description joins genus and property, “laughing animal”. The incomplete definition is the differentia alone or with a far genus; the incomplete description is the property alone or with a farther genus. A verbal definition replaces a word with a better-known synonym: “al-ghaḍanfar is the lion”.
Every must hold wherever the defined holds and nowhere else (muṭṭarid, munʿakis); be clearer than the defined, not more obscure or equally obscure; avoid figurative and equivocal words unless a clear sign shows what is meant; and not use anything that can only be known through the defined itself, which would be circular. Two further rules: a definition must not bring in judgements, and the word “or” has no place in a real definition, though it may stand in a description.
اصطلاحات
- الْحَدُّ al-ḥadd
- real definition: genus and differentia
- الرَّسْمُ al-rasm
- description: genus and property
- اللَّفْظِيُّ al-lafẓī
- verbal definition: a better-known synonym
- الْمُطَّرِدُ al-muṭṭarid
- holding wherever the defined holds
- الْمُنْعَكِسُ al-munʿakis
- holding only where the defined holds
- الدَّوْرُ al-dawr
- circularity: defining by what needs the defined
مثالیں
الْغَضَنْفَرُ الْأَسَدُ
a verbal definition: a rarer word by a better-known one
الْحَيَوَانُ النَّاطِقُ
a complete definition of man
اپنا امتحان لیں
اس سبق پر 3 سوالات۔ 10 میں سے 6 یا زیادہ (دو ستارے) پر اگلا سبق کھل جاتا ہے۔
سوال 1
“Al-ghaḍanfar is the lion” is…
Replacing a word by a better-known synonym is the verbal definition.
سوال 2
Which is NOT a condition of a sound definition in the Sullam?
The conditions are coextension, clarity, no unmarked figurative or equivocal words, no circularity.
سوال 3
Where may the word “or” appear, according to the poem?
“Or” may not be mentioned in definitions, but it is allowed in a description.
اگلا سبق: Propositions and their kinds
جاری رکھیں ←