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Differentia, and the relative species
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Differentia, and the relative species
Conceptions · al-faṣl wa-l-nawʿ al-iḍāfī · с. 62–64
الفَصْلُ وَالنَّوْعُ الإِضافِيُّ
Черновик · ждёт проверки
Персидский текст по изданию Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · перевод The Mantiqi, черновик
Об этом тексте
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Текст
- Персидский, переписан The Mantiqi с литографии, без маргинальных глосс: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 Посмотреть скан
- Уроки идут по
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, с. 42–86. Уроки — собственные объяснения The Mantiqi в порядке этого издания; его текст защищён авторским правом и не воспроизводится.
- Перевод
- Собственный перевод The Mantiqi — на английский и на огласованный арабский; черновик. Арабский переведён с персидского, а не взят из печатной арабской версии.
- Проверка
- Черновик, ожидает проверки: Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Текст
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Оригинал на персидском, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
و اگر آن جزو حقیقت افراد تمام مشترک نباشد آن را فصل خوانند، زیرا که آن حقیقت افراد را تمیز کند از غیر تمیز جوهری، خواه آن جزو مشترک نباشد اصلاً چون ناطق که مخصوص است بحقیقت افراد انسان پس این حقیقت را از همه ماهیات تمیز میکند، و این را فصل قریب خوانند، و خواه مشترک باشد اما تمام مشترک نباشد که بوی تمیز حقیقت شود از بعض ماهیات چون حساس، و این را فصل بعید خوانند. بالجمله فصل ممیز ذاتیست جوهری، پس او کلی باشد که در جواب ای شیء هو فی جوهره واقع شود. فصل. بدانکه نوع را معنی دیگر است که آن را نوع اضافی خوانند، و او ماهیتی است که جنس مقول شود بر وی و بر ماهیت دیگر در جواب ما هو، چون انسان که مقول میشود بر وی و بر فرس حیوان در جواب ما هو. و نوع اضافی شاید که نوع حقیقی باشد چنانکه گفتیم، و شاید که نباشد چون حیوان که نوع اضافی جسم نامی است، و جسم نامی که نوع اضافی جسم است، و جسم که نوع اضافی جوهر است.
If that part of the reality of the individuals is not the whole of what is shared, it is called a differentia, because it sets the reality of the individuals apart from others with a substantial distinction: whether that part is not shared at all, like rational, which belongs only to the reality of the individuals of man and so sets this reality apart from all quiddities — and this is called the near differentia — or is shared but not the whole of what is shared, so that by it the reality is set apart from some quiddities only, like sensing — and this is called a far differentia. In short, the differentia is an essential, substantial distinguisher, so it is a universal given in answer to “which thing is it in its substance?”. Section. Know that species has another meaning, which is called the relative species: a quiddity of which, together with another quiddity, a genus is said in answer to “what is it?”, like man, of which and of horse “animal” is said in answer to “what is it?”. A relative species may be a real species, as we have said, or not, like animal, which is a relative species under growing body, and growing body under body, and body under substance.
Арабский перевод
وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ ذٰلِكَ الْجُزْءُ مِنْ حَقِيقَةِ الْأَفْرَادِ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ سُمِّيَ فَصْلًا، لِأَنَّهُ يُمَيِّزُ حَقِيقَةَ الْأَفْرَادِ عَنْ غَيْرِهَا تَمْيِيزًا جَوْهَرِيًّا، سَوَاءٌ لَمْ يَكُنْ ذٰلِكَ الْجُزْءُ مُشْتَرَكًا أَصْلًا كَالنَّاطِقِ الْمُخْتَصِّ بِحَقِيقَةِ أَفْرَادِ الْإِنْسَانِ، فَيُمَيِّزُ هٰذِهِ الْحَقِيقَةَ عَنْ جَمِيعِ الْمَاهِيَّاتِ، وَيُسَمَّى الْفَصْلَ الْقَرِيبَ، أَوْ كَانَ مُشْتَرَكًا لٰكِنْ لَيْسَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ، فَيَتَمَيَّزُ بِهِ الْحَقِيقَةُ عَنْ بَعْضِ الْمَاهِيَّاتِ، كَالْحَسَّاسِ، وَيُسَمَّى الْفَصْلَ الْبَعِيدَ. وَبِالْجُمْلَةِ فَالْفَصْلُ مُمَيِّزٌ ذَاتِيٌّ جَوْهَرِيٌّ، فَهُوَ كُلِّيٌّ يَقَعُ فِي جَوَابِ: أَيُّ شَيْءٍ هُوَ فِي جَوْهَرِهِ؟ فَصْلٌ. اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ لِلنَّوْعِ مَعْنًى آخَرَ يُسَمَّى النَّوْعَ الْإِضَافِيَّ، وَهُوَ مَاهِيَّةٌ يُقَالُ عَلَيْهَا وَعَلَى غَيْرِهَا الْجِنْسُ فِي جَوَابِ مَا هُوَ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ فَإِنَّهُ يُقَالُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى الْفَرَسِ الْحَيَوَانُ فِي جَوَابِ مَا هُوَ. وَالنَّوْعُ الْإِضَافِيُّ قَدْ يَكُونُ نَوْعًا حَقِيقِيًّا كَمَا قُلْنَا، وَقَدْ لَا يَكُونُ، كَالْحَيَوَانِ فَإِنَّهُ نَوْعٌ إِضَافِيٌّ لِلْجِسْمِ النَّامِي، وَالْجِسْمُ النَّامِي نَوْعٌ إِضَافِيٌّ لِلْجِسْمِ، وَالْجِسْمُ نَوْعٌ إِضَافِيٌّ لِلْجَوْهَرِ.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 21–22
Урок
A part of the that is not the whole of what is shared is a (faṣl): it sets the of its individuals apart from others essentially, as rational does. Laughing also sets man apart, but accidentally, so it is not a differentia but a property. A differentia shared with nothing else is a near differentia, like rational, proper to man and setting him apart from every other quiddity. One that is shared, but is not the whole of what is shared, and sets the quiddity apart from some of what shares with it, is a far differentia, like sensing: it sets the animal apart from everything that shares with it, plants and minerals, but sets man apart only from the plants, not from the other animals. So sensing is the near differentia of animal and a far differentia of man.
In short, the is an distinguisher: a that answers the question “which thing is it, in its substance?” (ayy shayʾ huwa fī jawharih).
The word has a second sense, the relative species (nawʿ iḍāfī): that of which, together with other things, a is said in answer to “what is it?”. Man, besides being a real species, is a relative species, since animal is said of him and the horse. Animal is a relative species under growing body, growing body under body, body under substance. So every real species is a relative species, like man, but not every relative species is a real species, like animal and what is above it.
Понятия
- الفَصْلُ القَرِيبُ al-faṣl al-qarīb
- near differentia: proper to the quiddity
- الفَصْلُ البَعِيدُ al-faṣl al-baʿīd
- far differentia: sets it apart from some only
- أَيُّ شَيْءٍ هُوَ فِي جَوْهَرِهِ ayy shayʾ huwa fī jawharih
- “which thing is it, in its substance?”: answered by the differentia
- النَّوْعُ الإِضافِيُّ al-nawʿ al-iḍāfī
- relative species: what a genus is said of
- الحَسّاسُ al-ḥassās
- sensing
Примеры
النّاطِقُ
“rational”: the near differentia of man
الحَسّاسُ
“sensing”: near for animal, far for man
الحَيَوانُ
“animal”: a relative species, not a real one
Проверьте себя
Вопросов по этому уроку: 3. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
For man, “sensing” is…
Sensing sets man apart from plants but not from the other animals, so for man it is far.
Вопрос 2
Why is laughing not a differentia of man?
A differentia distinguishes essentially; laughing lies outside what man is, so it is a property.
Вопрос 3
Is animal a real species, a relative species, or both?
Animal is under growing body, so it is a relative species, but it is not the whole reality of its individuals, so not a real one.
Следующий урок: The accidentals and the four kinds of definer
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