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The four figures
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The four figures
The syllogism · al-ashkāl · p. 27
الْأَشْكَالُ
Черновик · ждёт проверки
Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Text
- Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
الشَّكْلُ عِنْدَ هٰؤُلَاءِ النَّاسِيُطْلَقُ عَنْ قَضِيَّتَيْ قِيَاسِ
مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ تُعْتَبَرَ الْأَسْوَارُإِذْ ذَاكَ بِالضَّرْبِ لَهُ يُشَارُ
وَلِلْمُقَدِّمَاتِ أَشْكَالٌ فَقَطْأَرْبَعَةٌ بِحَسَبِ الْحَدِّ الْوَسَطْ
The figure, among these people, is said of the two propositions of a syllogism without regard to the quantifiers, for with those it is called a mood. The premises have only four figures, according to the middle term.
Google Translate ↗p. 27
حَمْلٌ بِصُغْرَى وَضْعُهُ بِكُبْرَىيُدْعَى بِشَكْلٍ أَوَّلٍ وَيُدْرَى
وَحَمْلُهُ فِي الْكُلِّ ثَانِيًا عُرِفْوَوَضْعُهُ فِي الْكُلِّ ثَالِثًا أُلِفْ
وَرَابِعُ الْأَشْكَالِ عَكْسُ الْأَوَّلِوَهْيَ عَلَى التَّرْتِيبِ فِي التَّكَمُّلِ
فَحَيْثُ عَنْ هٰذَا النِّظَامِ يُعْدَلُفَفَاسِدُ النِّظَامِ أَمَّا الْأَوَّلُ
Predicate in the minor and subject in the major is called the first figure, as is known; predicate in both is known as the second; subject in both is called the third; and the fourth of the figures is the reverse of the first. They come in order of perfection, so wherever this arrangement is departed from, the arrangement is unsound.
Google Translate ↗p. 27
The lesson
The (shakl) is the shape of the two of a without regard to their quantifiers; with the quantifiers it is called a mood (ḍarb). There are four figures, by where the stands.
in the and in the : the first . Predicate in both: the second. Subject in both: the third. The fourth is the reverse of the first: subject in the minor and predicate in the major. They come in order of perfection, the first the most natural; any arrangement outside these four is unsound.
Terms
- الشَّكْلُ al-shakl
- figure: the shape of the two premises
- الضَّرْبُ al-ḍarb
- mood: the figure with its quantifiers
- التَّكَمُّلُ al-takammul
- perfection: the order of the figures
Examples
حَمْلٌ بِصُغْرَى وَضْعُهُ بِكُبْرَى
predicate in the minor, subject in the major: the first figure
Проверьте себя
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Вопрос 1
A figure considered together with its quantifiers is called…
Without the quantifiers it is a figure; with them, a mood.
Вопрос 2
In which figure is the middle term the subject of both premises?
Subject in both is the third figure.
Вопрос 3
The fourth figure is…
“The fourth of the figures is the reverse of the first.”
Следующий урок: Conditions and moods of the figures
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