The single expression and its kinds

Signification and expressions · al-mufrad wa-aqsāmuhu · pp. 54–56

المُفْرَدُ وَأَقْسامُهُ

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Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

فصل. لفظ دال بر معنی بمطابقت بر دو قسم است مفرد و مرکب. مرکب آن باشد که جزو لفظ وی دلالت کند بر جزو معنی مقصود وی و دلالتش مقصود باشد چون رامی الحجارة، و مفرد آنکه اینچنین نباشد، و این بر چهار قسم باشد: یکی آنکه جزو ندارد چون همزهٔ استفهام، دوم آنکه جزو دارد و لیکن آن جزو دلالت بر جزو معنی ندارد اصلاً چون زید، سوم آنکه جزو دارد و آن جزو دلالت دارد بر معنی لیکن بر جزو معنی مقصود دلالت ندارد چون عبد الله در حالت علمیت، چهارم آنکه جزو دارد و آن جزو دلالت دارد بر جزو معنی مقصود و لیکن دلالت مقصود نباشد چون حیوان ناطق در حالتی که علم شخص انسان باشد. فصل. مفرد بر سه قسم است: اسم و کلمه و ادات، زیرا که معنی لفظ مفرد اگر ناتمام بود یعنی صلاحیت ندارد که محکوم علیه و محکوم به شود آن را درین فن ادات خوانند و در نحو حرف، و اگر معنی وی تمام است پس خالی از آن نیست که صلاحیت دارد که محکوم علیه شود یا نه، اگر ندارد آن را کلمه گویند و در نحو فعل، و اگر صلاحیت دارد آن را اسم خوانند.

Section. A word that signifies a meaning by correspondence is of two kinds, single and composite. A composite is one a part of whose wording signifies a part of its intended meaning, the signification being intended, like “rāmī al-ḥijāra” (thrower of stones); and a single is what is not so. This is of four kinds: one that has no part, like the hamza of a question; one that has a part, but the part does not signify any part of the meaning at all, like “Zayd”; one that has a part that signifies a meaning, but not a part of the intended meaning, like “ʿAbd Allāh” as a proper name; and one that has a part that signifies a part of the intended meaning, but the signification is not intended, like “rational animal” when it is the name of a particular man. Section. The single is of three kinds: noun, word and particle. For if the meaning of a single word is incomplete, that is, not fit to be the subject or the predicate of a judgement, it is called in this art a particle (adāt), and in grammar ḥarf; and if its meaning is complete, it is either fit to be the subject of a judgement or not: if not, it is called a word (kalima), and in grammar a verb; and if it is, it is called a noun.

Arabic translation

فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ الدَّالُّ عَلَى الْمَعْنَى بِالْمُطَابَقَةِ قِسْمَانِ: مُفْرَدٌ وَمُرَكَّبٌ. فَالْمُرَكَّبُ مَا يَدُلُّ جُزْءُ لَفْظِهِ عَلَى جُزْءِ مَعْنَاهُ الْمَقْصُودِ دَلَالَةً مَقْصُودَةً، كَرَامِي الْحِجَارَةِ، وَالْمُفْرَدُ مَا لَيْسَ كَذٰلِكَ، وَهُوَ أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: الْأَوَّلُ مَا لَا جُزْءَ لَهُ، كَهَمْزَةِ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ، وَالثَّانِي مَا لَهُ جُزْءٌ لَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى جُزْءِ الْمَعْنَى أَصْلًا، كَزَيْدٍ، وَالثَّالِثُ مَا لَهُ جُزْءٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَعْنًى لٰكِنْ لَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى جُزْءِ الْمَعْنَى الْمَقْصُودِ، كَعَبْدِ اللّٰهِ عَلَمًا، وَالرَّابِعُ مَا لَهُ جُزْءٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى جُزْءِ الْمَعْنَى الْمَقْصُودِ لٰكِنْ لَيْسَتِ الدَّلَالَةُ مَقْصُودَةً، كَالْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ إِذَا جُعِلَ عَلَمًا لِشَخْصٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ. فَصْلٌ. الْمُفْرَدُ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: اسْمٌ وَكَلِمَةٌ وَأَدَاةٌ؛ لِأَنَّ مَعْنَى اللَّفْظِ الْمُفْرَدِ إِنْ كَانَ غَيْرَ تَامٍّ، أَيْ لَا يَصْلُحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَحْكُومًا عَلَيْهِ وَلَا مَحْكُومًا بِهِ، سُمِّيَ فِي هٰذَا الْفَنِّ أَدَاةً، وَفِي النَّحْوِ حَرْفًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ مَعْنَاهُ تَامًّا فَلَا يَخْلُو إِمَّا أَنْ يَصْلُحَ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَحْكُومًا عَلَيْهِ أَوْ لَا: فَإِنْ لَمْ يَصْلُحْ سُمِّيَ كَلِمَةً، وَفِي النَّحْوِ فِعْلًا، وَإِنْ صَلَحَ سُمِّيَ اسْمًا.

Google Translate ↗pp. 12–14

The lesson

A word that signifies its meaning by is single or composite. Composite (murakkab) is one in which a part of the word signifies a part of the intended meaning, with that intended: “thrower of stones” (rāmī al-ḥijāra). Anything else is single (mufrad), and the Kubrā gives four kinds: what has no parts at all, like the hamza of a question; what has parts that do not signify parts of the meaning, like “Zayd”; what has parts that signify parts of a meaning, but not of the meaning intended, like “ʿAbd Allāh” as a name; and what has parts that do signify parts of the intended meaning, but without that being intended, like “rational animal” made the name of a person: he is a rational animal, but the name is there to pick him out, not to say that.

The single expression is of three kinds. A noun (ism) has a complete meaning and can be both the and the of a judgement. A word (kalima), which the grammarians call a verb (fiʿl), has a complete meaning but cannot be a subject: “ḍaraba”, he hit; “yaḍribu”, he hits. A particle (adāt), the grammarians' ḥarf, has no complete, independent meaning and can be neither subject nor predicate: “min” (from), “ilā” (to).

So the 's division of single words follows the grammarian's division into noun, verb and particle, but by a different test: what each can do in a judgement.

Terms

المُرَكَّبُ al-murakkab: composite: a part signifies a part of the intended meaning, intentionally
الاسْمُ al-ism: noun: complete meaning, can be subject and predicate
الكَلِمَةُ al-kalima: word (verb): complete meaning, cannot be subject
الأَداةُ al-adāt: particle: no independent meaning

Examples

رامِي الحِجارَةِ
“thrower of stones”: composite
ضَرَبَ / يَضْرِبُ
“he hit / he hits”: kalima, a verb
مِنْ / إِلَى
“from / to”: particles

Проверьте себя

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Вопрос 1
“Rational animal” used as a person's name is single because…
Вопрос 2
Which can be neither subject nor predicate?
Вопрос 3
What separates the kalima (verb) from the noun?

Следующий урок: The composite expression; what is conceived and what is assented to

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