The composite expression; what is conceived and what is assented to

Signification and expressions · al-murakkab al-tāmm wa-ghayr al-tāmm · pp. 56–57

المُرَكَّبُ التّامُّ وَغَيْرُ التّامِّ

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Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

فصل. لفظ مرکب دو قسم است: تام و غیر تام. تام آنست که سکوت بر وی صحیح باشد، یعنی چون متکلم بر آنجا سکوت کند مخاطب را انتظاری نباشد، ای آنچنان انتظاری که با محکوم علیه باشد بی محکوم به و با محکوم به باشد بی محکوم علیه. و مرکب تام اگر فی نفسه محتمل صدق و کذب باشد آن را خبر و قضیه خوانند و این عمده است در باب تصدیقات، و اگر محتمل نباشد آن را انشا خوانند، خواه دلالت کند بالذات بر طلب چون امر و نهی و استفهام، و خواه دلالت نکند بر طلب چون تمنی و ترجی و تعجب و ندا و مانند آن، و این قسم یعنی انشا معتبر است در محاورات. و غیر تام آن است که بر وی سکوت صحیح نباشد، و این منقسم میشود بترکیب تقییدی که در وی جزو دوم قید اول باشد، خواه باضافت چون غلام زید و خواه بوصف چون حیوان ناطق، و این عمده است در باب تصورات، و ترکیب غیر تقییدی چون فی الدار و خمسة عشر. فصل. ادراک معانی الفاظ مفرده و ادراک معانی مرکبات غیر تامه و ادراک معانی مرکبات تامهٔ انشائیه و ادراک معانی مرکبات موهومه و ادراک معانی مرکبات مشکوکه که مجموع تصورات باشد، و ادراک معنی خبر و قضیه تصدیق باشد. این است مباحث الفاظ چنانکه مناسب این مقام است. و چون تصدیق موقوف بود بر تصور ازین جهت بیان احوال تصورات را مقدم داشتیم بر بیان احوال تصدیقات.

Section. The composite word is of two kinds, complete and incomplete. Complete is one after which silence is sound: when the speaker stops there, the hearer is left waiting for nothing, that is, not waiting as one waits when there is a subject without a predicate or a predicate without a subject. If a complete composite can in itself be true or false, it is called a report and a proposition, and this is the mainstay in the study of assents; if it cannot, it is called a performative, whether it signifies a request in itself, like command, prohibition and question, or does not, like wishing, hoping, wonder, calling and the like; and this kind, the performative, is what counts in conversation. Incomplete is one after which silence is not sound. It divides into the restrictive composition, in which the second part restricts the first, whether by annexation, like “Zayd's servant”, or by description, like “rational animal”, and this is the mainstay in the study of conceptions; and the non-restrictive composition, like “in the house” and “fifteen”. Section. The perception of the meanings of single words, of incomplete composites, of complete performative composites, of imagined composites and of doubted composites — all of these are conceptions; and the perception of the meaning of a report or proposition is assent. These are the discussions of words, as suits this place. And since assent depends on conception, we have put the account of conceptions before the account of assents.

Arabic translation

فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ الْمُرَكَّبُ قِسْمَانِ: تَامٌّ وَغَيْرُ تَامٍّ. فَالتَّامُّ مَا يَصِحُّ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهِ، أَيْ إِذَا سَكَتَ عَلَيْهِ الْمُتَكَلِّمُ لَمْ يَبْقَ لِلْمُخَاطَبِ انْتِظَارٌ، أَعْنِي الِانْتِظَارَ الَّذِي يَكُونُ مَعَ مَحْكُومٍ عَلَيْهِ بِلَا مَحْكُومٍ بِهِ أَوْ مَعَ مَحْكُومٍ بِهِ بِلَا مَحْكُومٍ عَلَيْهِ. وَالْمُرَكَّبُ التَّامُّ إِنِ احْتَمَلَ الصِّدْقَ وَالْكَذِبَ فِي نَفْسِهِ سُمِّيَ خَبَرًا وَقَضِيَّةً، وَهُوَ الْعُمْدَةُ فِي بَابِ التَّصْدِيقَاتِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَحْتَمِلْ سُمِّيَ إِنْشَاءً، سَوَاءٌ دَلَّ عَلَى الطَّلَبِ بِالذَّاتِ كَالْأَمْرِ وَالنَّهْيِ وَالِاسْتِفْهَامِ، أَوْ لَمْ يَدُلَّ كَالتَّمَنِّي وَالتَّرَجِّي وَالتَّعَجُّبِ وَالنِّدَاءِ وَنَحْوِهَا، وَهٰذَا الْقِسْمُ، أَعْنِي الْإِنْشَاءَ، مُعْتَبَرٌ فِي الْمُحَاوَرَاتِ. وَغَيْرُ التَّامِّ مَا لَا يَصِحُّ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهِ، وَيَنْقَسِمُ إِلَى التَّرْكِيبِ التَّقْيِيدِيِّ الَّذِي يَكُونُ الْجُزْءُ الثَّانِي فِيهِ قَيْدًا لِلْأَوَّلِ، إِمَّا بِالْإِضَافَةِ كَغُلَامِ زَيْدٍ، وَإِمَّا بِالْوَصْفِ كَالْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ، وَهُوَ الْعُمْدَةُ فِي بَابِ التَّصَوُّرَاتِ، وَإِلَى التَّرْكِيبِ غَيْرِ التَّقْيِيدِيِّ كَفِي الدَّارِ وَخَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ. فَصْلٌ. إِدْرَاكُ مَعَانِي الْأَلْفَاظِ الْمُفْرَدَةِ، وَإِدْرَاكُ مَعَانِي الْمُرَكَّبَاتِ غَيْرِ التَّامَّةِ، وَإِدْرَاكُ مَعَانِي الْمُرَكَّبَاتِ التَّامَّةِ الْإِنْشَائِيَّةِ، وَإِدْرَاكُ مَعَانِي الْمُرَكَّبَاتِ الْمَوْهُومَةِ، وَإِدْرَاكُ مَعَانِي الْمُرَكَّبَاتِ الْمَشْكُوكَةِ، كُلُّ ذٰلِكَ تَصَوُّرَاتٌ، وَإِدْرَاكُ مَعْنَى الْخَبَرِ وَالْقَضِيَّةِ تَصْدِيقٌ. هٰذِهِ مَبَاحِثُ الْأَلْفَاظِ عَلَى مَا يُنَاسِبُ هٰذَا الْمَقَامَ. وَلَمَّا كَانَ التَّصْدِيقُ مَوْقُوفًا عَلَى التَّصَوُّرِ قَدَّمْنَا بَيَانَ أَحْوَالِ التَّصَوُّرَاتِ عَلَى بَيَانِ أَحْوَالِ التَّصْدِيقَاتِ.

Google Translate ↗pp. 14–16

The lesson

A composite is complete (tāmm) when the speaker can stop after it, because the hearer gains something without waiting for a or a . A complete composite either can be true or false in itself, apart from outside signs — that is the report (khabar) or (qaḍiyya), the mainstay of the study of — or it cannot, and that is a performative (inshāʾ). A performative either asks for something by its very nature, like a command, a prohibition or a question, or does not, like a wish, a hope, wonder, calling out or an offer. Performatives are what conversation is mostly made of.

A composite is incomplete (ghayr tāmm) when one cannot stop after it. It is restrictive (taqyīdī) when the second part restricts the first, by description, “rational animal”, or by annexation, “Zayd's servant” — the mainstay of the study of ; or non-restrictive, “in the house”, “fifteen”.

From this the Kubrā sets out the field of each half of . The perception of five kinds of meaning is : the meanings of single words, of incomplete composites, of performatives, and of composites imagined or doubted. The perception of the meaning of a report or is . Since assent depends on conception, conceptions are studied first.

Terms

المُرَكَّبُ التّامُّ al-murakkab al-tāmm: complete composite: one can stop after it
الخَبَرُ al-khabar: report: can be true or false in itself
الإِنْشاءُ al-inshāʾ: performative: cannot be true or false
المُرَكَّبُ التَّقْيِيدِيُّ al-murakkab al-taqyīdī: restrictive composite: the second part restricts the first
الإِضافَةُ al-iḍāfa: annexation

Examples

زَيْدٌ قائِمٌ
a report: complete, true or false
اضْرِبْ
“hit!”: a performative that asks
غُلامُ زَيْدٍ
“Zayd's servant”: a restrictive incomplete composite
فِي الدّارِ
“in the house”: non-restrictive

Проверьте себя

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Вопрос 1
A command such as “hit!” is…
Вопрос 2
“Zayd's servant” is…
Вопрос 3
The perception of which meaning is assent?

Следующий урок: Real and relative particulars

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