Iḥṣāʾ al-ʿulūm

The Enumeration of the Sciences surveys the sciences in five chapters: language, logic, mathematics, physics with metaphysics, and the civil sciences together with fiqh and kalām. Its chapter on logic explains why logic is needed, what its subject is, how it is divided along the books of the Organon and how it serves teaching and inquiry. It defines the subject of logic as concepts insofar as expressions signify them and expressions insofar as they signify concepts, and compares logic's rules for the intellect with grammar's rules for language. Translated three times into Latin and used by later encyclopedists such as Ibn Sīnā, al-Rāzī and Ibn Khaldūn, it is the classic statement of where logic stands among the sciences.

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