Real and relative particulars

Conceptions · al-juzʾī al-ḥaqīqī wa-l-iḍāfī · pp. 58–59

الجُزْئِيُّ الحَقِيقِيُّ وَالإِضافِيُّ

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.

Read the whole Persian text →

Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

فصل. هر چه در ذهن متصور شود اگر نفس تصور وی مانع از وقوع شرکت بود میان کثیرین آن را جزئی حقیقی خوانند چون زید، و اگر نفس تصور وی مانع وقوع شرکت نباشد میان کثیرین آن را کلی خوانند چون انسان، و هر یک از آن کثیرین را افراد آن کلی و جزئی اضافی وی خوانند، و جزئی اضافی شاید که جزئی حقیقی باشد چون زید بقیاس انسان، و شاید که کلی باشد فی نفسه لیکن جزئی اضافی کلی دیگر باشد چون انسان بقیاس حیوان.

Section. Whatever is conceived in the mind, if its very conception prevents its being shared by many, is called a real particular, like Zayd; and if its very conception does not prevent its being shared by many, it is called a universal, like man, and each of those many is called an individual of that universal and its relative particular. A relative particular may be a real particular, like Zayd with respect to man, or it may be a universal in itself but a relative particular of another universal, like man with respect to animal.

Arabic translation

فَصْلٌ. كُلُّ مَا يُتَصَوَّرُ فِي الذِّهْنِ فَإِنْ كَانَ نَفْسُ تَصَوُّرِهِ مَانِعًا مِنْ وُقُوعِ الشَّرِكَةِ فِيهِ بَيْنَ كَثِيرِينَ سُمِّيَ جُزْئِيًّا حَقِيقِيًّا، كَزَيْدٍ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ نَفْسُ تَصَوُّرِهِ مَانِعًا مِنْ ذٰلِكَ سُمِّيَ كُلِّيًّا، كَالْإِنْسَانِ، وَيُسَمَّى كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْكَثِيرِينَ أَفْرَادًا لِذٰلِكَ الْكُلِّيِّ وَجُزْئِيًّا إِضَافِيًّا لَهُ. وَالْجُزْئِيُّ الْإِضَافِيُّ قَدْ يَكُونُ جُزْئِيًّا حَقِيقِيًّا كَزَيْدٍ بِالْقِيَاسِ إِلَى الْإِنْسَانِ، وَقَدْ يَكُونُ كُلِّيًّا فِي نَفْسِهِ جُزْئِيًّا إِضَافِيًّا لِكُلِّيٍّ آخَرَ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ بِالْقِيَاسِ إِلَى الْحَيَوَانِ.

Google Translate ↗pp. 16–17

The lesson

Whatever is in the mind is, by its very conception and without outside signs, either such that it cannot be shared by many, a real (juzʾī ḥaqīqī), like the concept Zayd, which belongs to one person; or such that it can be shared, a (kullī), like the concept man, of which each of many is an individual.

A relative (juzʾī iḍāfī) is what is with respect to what falls under it and particular with respect to what is above it. “Man” is universal with respect to Zayd and ʿAmr, but particular with respect to “animal”, which is true of man, horse, mule and donkey alike.

Zayd is a real , and also a relative particular with respect to man above him. So every real particular is a relative particular, but not every relative particular is a real particular: man, with respect to animal, is relative but not real.

Terms

الجُزْئِيُّ الحَقِيقِيُّ al-juzʾī al-ḥaqīqī: real particular: cannot be shared by many
الجُزْئِيُّ الإِضافِيُّ al-juzʾī al-iḍāfī: relative particular: under something wider
الكُلِّيُّ al-kullī: universal: can be shared by many

Examples

زَيْدٌ
Zayd: a real and a relative particular
الإِنْسانُ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى الحَيَوانِ
man with respect to animal: a relative particular only

Uji dirimu

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Soal 1
“Man”, compared with “animal”, is…
Soal 2
Which is true?
Soal 3
What makes Zayd a real particular?

Pelajaran berikutnya: Essential and accidental; species, genus, and what is fully shared

Lanjutkan →