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Self-evident and acquired; reflection
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Self-evident and acquired; reflection
Foundations · al-badīhī wa-l-naẓarī wa-l-fikr · pp. 45–48
البَدِيهِيُّ وَالنَّظَرِيُّ وَالفِكْرُ
Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan
Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Text
- Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
فصل. بدانکه تصور بر دو قسم است: یکی آنکه در حصول او احتیاج بنظری و فکری نباشد چون تصور حرارت و برودت و سیاهی و سفیدی و مانند آن، و این قسم را تصور ضروری خوانند؛ دوم آنکه در حصول او احتیاج باشد بنظر و فکر چون تصور روح و ملک و جن و مانند آن، و این قسم را تصور نظری خوانند. همچنین تصدیق نیز بر دو قسم است: یکی تصدیق ضروری که محتاج نباشد بنظری و فکری چون تصدیق بآنکه آفتاب روشن است و آتش گرم است، دوم تصدیق نظری که محتاج باشد بنظر و فکر چون تصدیق بآنکه صانع عالم موجود است و عالم حادث است و غیر آن. فصل. تصور نظری را از تصورات ضروری و تصدیق نظری را از تصدیقات ضروری حاصل میکنند بطریق نظر و فکر، و آن عبارت است از ترتیب تصورات یا تصدیقات حاصله بر وجهی که ادا کند بمجهول تصوری یا تصدیقی که حاصل نبوده باشد، چنانکه تصور حیوان را با تصور ناطق جمع کنی و گوئی حیوان ناطق، ازینجا تصور انسان که حاصل نبوده باشد حاصل شود، و چنانکه تصدیق بآنکه عالم متغیر است با تصدیق بآنکه هر چه متغیر است حادث است جمع کنی و چنین گوئی که عالم متغیر است و هر چه متغیر است حادث است، ازینجا تصدیق بآنکه عالم حادث است حاصل شود.
Section. Know that conception is of two kinds: one that needs no reflection or thought to be had, such as the conception of heat and cold, black and white and the like, and this kind is called necessary conception; and one that needs reflection and thought to be had, such as the conception of the spirit, the angel, the jinn and the like, and this kind is called theoretical conception. Likewise assent is of two kinds: necessary assent, which needs no reflection or thought, such as the assent that the sun is bright and fire is hot; and theoretical assent, which needs reflection and thought, such as the assent that the maker of the world exists and that the world came to be, and so on. Section. Theoretical conception is gained from necessary conceptions, and theoretical assent from necessary assents, by way of reflection and thought, which is arranging conceptions or assents one has in a way that leads to an unknown conception or assent one did not have: as when you join the conception of animal to the conception of rational and say “rational animal”, and from this the conception of man, which one did not have, comes about; and as when you join the assent that the world changes to the assent that whatever changes came to be, and say “the world changes, and whatever changes came to be”, and from this the assent that the world came to be comes about.
Arabic translation
فَصْلٌ. اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ التَّصَوُّرَ قِسْمَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا مَا لَا يُحْتَاجُ فِي حُصُولِهِ إِلَى نَظَرٍ وَفِكْرٍ، كَتَصَوُّرِ الْحَرَارَةِ وَالْبُرُودَةِ وَالسَّوَادِ وَالْبَيَاضِ وَنَحْوِهَا، وَيُسَمَّى التَّصَوُّرَ الضَّرُورِيَّ، وَالثَّانِي مَا يُحْتَاجُ فِي حُصُولِهِ إِلَى نَظَرٍ وَفِكْرٍ، كَتَصَوُّرِ الرُّوحِ وَالْمَلَكِ وَالْجِنِّ وَنَحْوِهَا، وَيُسَمَّى التَّصَوُّرَ النَّظَرِيَّ. وَكَذٰلِكَ التَّصْدِيقُ قِسْمَانِ: تَصْدِيقٌ ضَرُورِيٌّ لَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى نَظَرٍ وَفِكْرٍ، كَالتَّصْدِيقِ بِأَنَّ الشَّمْسَ مُضِيئَةٌ وَأَنَّ النَّارَ حَارَّةٌ، وَتَصْدِيقٌ نَظَرِيٌّ يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى نَظَرٍ وَفِكْرٍ، كَالتَّصْدِيقِ بِأَنَّ صَانِعَ الْعَالَمِ مَوْجُودٌ وَأَنَّ الْعَالَمَ حَادِثٌ وَنَحْوِ ذٰلِكَ. فَصْلٌ. وَيُكْتَسَبُ التَّصَوُّرُ النَّظَرِيُّ مِنَ التَّصَوُّرَاتِ الضَّرُورِيَّةِ، وَالتَّصْدِيقُ النَّظَرِيُّ مِنَ التَّصْدِيقَاتِ الضَّرُورِيَّةِ، بِطَرِيقِ النَّظَرِ وَالْفِكْرِ، وَهُوَ تَرْتِيبُ التَّصَوُّرَاتِ أَوِ التَّصْدِيقَاتِ الْحَاصِلَةِ عَلَى وَجْهٍ يُؤَدِّي إِلَى مَجْهُولٍ تَصَوُّرِيٍّ أَوْ تَصْدِيقِيٍّ لَمْ يَكُنْ حَاصِلًا: كَمَا إِذَا ضَمَمْتَ تَصَوُّرَ الْحَيَوَانِ إِلَى تَصَوُّرِ النَّاطِقِ فَقُلْتَ: حَيَوَانٌ نَاطِقٌ، فَيَحْصُلُ مِنْ ذٰلِكَ تَصَوُّرُ الْإِنْسَانِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَكُنْ حَاصِلًا، وَكَمَا إِذَا ضَمَمْتَ التَّصْدِيقَ بِأَنَّ الْعَالَمَ مُتَغَيِّرٌ إِلَى التَّصْدِيقِ بِأَنَّ كُلَّ مُتَغَيِّرٍ حَادِثٌ فَقُلْتَ: الْعَالَمُ مُتَغَيِّرٌ، وَكُلُّ مُتَغَيِّرٍ حَادِثٌ، فَيَحْصُلُ مِنْ ذٰلِكَ التَّصْدِيقُ بِأَنَّ الْعَالَمَ حَادِثٌ.
Google Translate ↗pp. 5–6
فصل. امتیاز آدمی از دیگر حیوانات بآنست که او مجهولات را از معلومات بطریق نظر حاصل میتواند کرد بخلاف سائر حیوانات، پس بر همه کس لازم است که طریق نظر و صحت و فساد آن را بشناسد تا چون خواهند که مجهول تصوری یا تصدیقی از معلومات تصوریه یا تصدیقیه بر وجه صواب حاصل کنند توانند، مگر کسانیکه من عند الله مؤید باشند بنفوس قدسیه که ایشان در دانستن چیزها محتاج بنظر نباشند. فصل. بدانکه در عرف علمای این فن آن تصورات مرتبه را که موصل شوند بتصور دیگر معرّف و قول شارح خوانند، و آن تصدیقات مرتبه را که موصل شوند بتصدیق دیگر حجت و دلیل خوانند. پس مقصود درین فن دانستن معرّف و حجت است، و شکی نیست که معرّف و حجت فی الحقیقة معانی است نه الفاظ، مثلاً معرّف انسان معنی حیوان ناطق است نه لفظ آن، و حجت حدوث عالم معنی قضایای مذکوره است نه الفاظ آن. پس صاحب این فن را بالذات احتیاج بالفاظ نیست، لیکن چون تفهّم و تفهیم معانی بالفاظ است، ازین جهت واجب شد بروی که نظر کند در احوال الفاظ باعتبار دلالت او بر معانی.
Section. Man is set apart from the other animals in that he can gain the unknown from the known by way of reflection, unlike the other animals; so everyone must know the way of reflection, and what makes it sound or unsound, so that when they wish to gain an unknown conception or assent from known conceptions or assents they can do so correctly — except those whom God supports with holy souls, who need no reflection to know things. Section. Know that in the usage of the scholars of this art the ordered conceptions that lead to another conception are called a definer and an explanatory phrase, and the ordered assents that lead to another assent are called a proof and an argument. So the aim of this art is to know the definer and the proof. There is no doubt that the definer and the proof are in truth meanings, not words: the definer of man, for instance, is the meaning of “rational animal”, not its wording, and the proof that the world came to be is the meaning of the propositions mentioned, not their wording. So the master of this art has no need of words in themselves; but since understanding and conveying meanings goes by words, he must look into the states of words with respect to their signifying meanings.
Arabic translation
فَصْلٌ. وَيَمْتَازُ الْإِنْسَانُ عَنْ سَائِرِ الْحَيَوَانَاتِ بِأَنَّهُ يَقْدِرُ عَلَى اكْتِسَابِ الْمَجْهُولَاتِ مِنَ الْمَعْلُومَاتِ بِطَرِيقِ النَّظَرِ، بِخِلَافِ سَائِرِ الْحَيَوَانَاتِ، فَلَزِمَ كُلَّ أَحَدٍ أَنْ يَعْرِفَ طَرِيقَ النَّظَرِ وَصِحَّتَهُ وَفَسَادَهُ، لِيَقْدِرَ إِذَا أَرَادَ اكْتِسَابَ مَجْهُولٍ تَصَوُّرِيٍّ أَوْ تَصْدِيقِيٍّ مِنَ الْمَعْلُومَاتِ التَّصَوُّرِيَّةِ أَوِ التَّصْدِيقِيَّةِ أَنْ يَكْتَسِبَهُ عَلَى وَجْهِ الصَّوَابِ، إِلَّا الَّذِينَ أَيَّدَهُمُ اللّٰهُ بِالنُّفُوسِ الْقُدْسِيَّةِ فَإِنَّهُمْ لَا يَحْتَاجُونَ فِي مَعْرِفَةِ الْأَشْيَاءِ إِلَى النَّظَرِ. فَصْلٌ. اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ التَّصَوُّرَاتِ الْمُرَتَّبَةَ الْمُوصِلَةَ إِلَى تَصَوُّرٍ آخَرَ تُسَمَّى فِي عُرْفِ عُلَمَاءِ هٰذَا الْفَنِّ مُعَرِّفًا وَقَوْلًا شَارِحًا، وَالتَّصْدِيقَاتِ الْمُرَتَّبَةَ الْمُوصِلَةَ إِلَى تَصْدِيقٍ آخَرَ تُسَمَّى حُجَّةً وَدَلِيلًا. فَالْمَقْصُودُ فِي هٰذَا الْفَنِّ مَعْرِفَةُ الْمُعَرِّفِ وَالْحُجَّةِ. وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّ الْمُعَرِّفَ وَالْحُجَّةَ فِي الْحَقِيقَةِ مَعَانٍ لَا أَلْفَاظٌ، فَمُعَرِّفُ الْإِنْسَانِ مَثَلًا مَعْنَى الْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ لَا لَفْظُهُ، وَحُجَّةُ حُدُوثِ الْعَالَمِ مَعَانِي الْقَضَايَا الْمَذْكُورَةِ لَا أَلْفَاظُهَا. فَصَاحِبُ هٰذَا الْفَنِّ لَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْأَلْفَاظِ بِالذَّاتِ، وَلٰكِنْ لَمَّا كَانَ التَّفَهُّمُ وَالتَّفْهِيمُ لِلْمَعَانِي بِالْأَلْفَاظِ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ فِي أَحْوَالِ الْأَلْفَاظِ مِنْ حَيْثُ دَلَالَتُهَا عَلَى الْمَعَانِي.
Google Translate ↗pp. 6–8
The lesson
Some need no to be had: heat and cold, black and white. They are necessary or self-evident (ḍarūrī, badīhī). Others need reflection and thought: the angel, the spirit, the jinn. They are theoretical (naẓarī). are the same: “the sun is shining” and “fire is hot” are self-evident; “the maker of the world exists” and “the world came to be” are theoretical.
The theoretical is gained from the self-evident by (fikr): arranging known or , putting one first and another after, so that they lead to what was unknown. Put the conception of animal first and of rational after, and you have a conception of man you did not have. Assent that the world changes and that whatever changes came to be, join them, and you assent that the world came to be. Gaining the unknown from the known in this way is what sets man apart from the other animals, so everyone needs to know how reflection goes right and how it goes wrong. Those whom God has given souls kept from error, the prophets, did not need reflection for the of the revealed law: God taught and inspired them.
The known arranged to reach a conception are the explanatory phrase (qawl shāriḥ); the known arranged to reach an assent are the proof (ḥujja, dalīl). These two are what is for, and both are meanings, not words: what defines man is the meaning of “rational animal”, not its sound. The logician turns to words only because meanings are learnt and taught through them.
Terms
- الضَّرُورِيُّ / البَدِيهِيُّ al-ḍarūrī / al-badīhī
- self-evident: had without reflection
- النَّظَرِيُّ al-naẓarī
- theoretical: needs reflection
- الفِكْرُ al-fikr
- reflection: arranging the known to reach the unknown
- القَوْلُ الشّارِحُ al-qawl al-shāriḥ
- explanatory phrase: leads to a conception
- الحُجَّةُ al-ḥujja
- proof: leads to an assent
- المَعانِي al-maʿānī
- meanings, as opposed to words
Examples
العالَمُ مُتَغَيِّرٌ وَكُلُّ مُتَغَيِّرٍ حادِثٌ فَالعالَمُ حادِثٌ
known assents arranged to reach an unknown one
الحَيَوانُ النّاطِقُ
known conceptions arranged to reach the conception of man
Uji dirimu
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Soal 1
The assent “the world came to be (ḥādith)” is…
It is reached by reflection from other assents, so it is theoretical.
Soal 2
What is reflection (fikr)?
Reflection orders what is known so that it brings us to what was unknown.
Soal 3
Why does the logician study words at all?
Definitions and proofs are meanings; words matter to logic only as the way meanings are conveyed.
Pelajaran berikutnya: Signification and its three kinds
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