خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 18 از 18

قفل

Errors in proof, and the close of the poem

North-African path · level 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 18 از 18

Errors in proof, and the close of the poem

Proof and conclusion · al-khātima · pp. 30–32

الْخَاتِمَةُ

پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی

Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Text: Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
Lessons follow: The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

وَخَطَأُ الْبُرْهَانِ حَيْثُ وُجِدَافِي مَادَّةٍ أَوْ صُورَةٍ فَالْمُبْتَدَا

فِي اللَّفْظِ كَاشْتِرَاكٍ اَوْ كَجَعْلِ ذَاتَبَايُنٍ مِثْلَ الرَّدِيفِ مَأْخَذَا

وَفِي الْمَعَانِي لِالْتِبَاسِ الْكَاذِبَهْبِذَاتِ صِدْقٍ فَافْهَمِ الْمُخَاطَبَهْ

An error in a demonstration, wherever it is found, lies in the matter or in the form. The first is in the wording, like equivocation, or like taking as distinct what is synonymous; and in the meanings, through a false premise being confused with a true one — so understand what is said:

Google Translate ↗p. 30

كَمِثْلِ جَعْلِ الْعَرَضِي كَالذَّاتِيأَوْ نَاتِجٍ إِحْدَى الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ

وَالْحُكْمِ لِلْجِنْسِ بِحُكْمِ النَّوْعِوَجَعْلِ كَالْقَطْعِيِّ غَيْرِ الْقَطْعِي

وَالثَّانِ كَالْخُرُوجِ عَنْ أَشْكَالِهِوَتَرْكِ شَرْطِ النَّتْجِ مِنْ إِكْمَالِهِ

like treating the accidental as the essential, or taking the conclusion as one of the premises, or judging the genus by the judgement of the species, or treating the uncertain as certain. The second is like leaving its figures, or leaving out a condition of producing from its completeness.

Google Translate ↗pp. 30–31

هٰذَا تَمَامُ الْغَرَضِ الْمَقْصُودِمِنْ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمَنْطِقِ الْمَحْمُودِ

قَدِ انْتَهَى بِحَمْدِ رَبِّ الْفَلَقِمَا رُمْتُهُ مِنْ فَنِّ عِلْمِ الْمَنْطِقِ

نَظَمَهُ الْعَبْدُ الذَّلِيلُ الْمُفْتَقِرْلِرَحْمَةِ الْمَوْلَى الْعَظِيمِ الْمُقْتَدِرْ

الْأَخْضَرِيُّ عَابِدُ الرَّحْمٰنِالْمُرْتَجِي مِنْ رَبِّهِ الْمَنَّانِ

This completes the intended aim among the mothers of praiseworthy logic. By the praise of the Lord of the daybreak, what I sought from the science of logic is finished. The lowly, needy servant put it in verse, in need of the mercy of the great, mighty Master: al-Akhḍarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, hoping from his generous Lord

Google Translate ↗p. 31

مَغْفِرَةً تُحِيطُ بِالذُّنُوبِوَتَكْشِفُ الْغِطَا عَنِ الْقُلُوبِ

وَأَنْ يُثِيبَنَا بِجَنَّةِ الْعُلَافَإِنَّهُ أَكْرَمُ مَنْ تَفَضَّلَا

for forgiveness that covers all sins and lifts the veil from hearts, and that He reward us with the high Garden, for He is the most generous of those who give.

Google Translate ↗p. 31

وَكُنْ أَخِي لِلْمُبْتَدِي مُسَامِحَاوَكُنْ لِإِصْلَاحِ الْفَسَادِ نَاصِحَا

وَأَصْلِحِ الْفَسَادَ بِالتَّأَمُّلِوَإِنْ بَدِيهَةً فَلَا تُبَدِّلِ

إِذْ قِيلَ كَمْ مُزَيِّفٍ صَحِيحَالِأَجْلِ كَوْنِ فَهْمِهِ قَبِيحَا

وَقُلْ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَنْتَصِفْ لِمَقْصِدِيالْعُذْرُ حَقٌّ وَاجِبٌ لِلْمُبْتَدِي

Be lenient, my brother, with the beginner, and be a sincere helper in setting right what is wrong. Set right what is wrong after reflection, and do not change things on first sight, for it has been said: how many have found fault with what is sound only because their understanding was poor! And say to whoever does not do my purpose justice: the excuse is a right owed to the beginner,

Google Translate ↗p. 31

وَلِبُنَيِّ إِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَهْمَعْذِرَةٌ مَقْبُولَةٌ مُسْتَحْسَنَهْ

لَا سِيَّمَا فِي عَاشِرِ الْقُرُونِذِي الْجَهْلِ وَالْفَسَادِ وَالْفُتُونِ

وَكَانَ فِي أَوَائِلِ الْمُحَرَّمِتَأْلِيفُ هٰذَا الرَّجَزِ الْمُنَظَّمِ

مِنْ سَنَةٍ إِحْدَى وَأَرْبَعِينَمِنْ بَعْدِ تِسْعَةٍ مِنَ الْمِئِينَ

and for a youth of twenty-one years an excuse is accepted and fitting, above all in the tenth century, the age of ignorance, corruption and strife. The writing of this ordered rajaz was at the beginning of Muḥarram of the year forty-one after nine hundred.

Google Translate ↗pp. 31–32

ثُمَّ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ سَرْمَدَاعَلَى رَسُولِ اللّٰهِ خَيْرِ مَنْ هَدَى

وَآلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ الثِّقَاتِالسَّالِكِينَ سُبُلَ النَّجَاةِ

مَا قَطَعَتْ شَمْسُ النَّهَارِ أَبْرُجَاوَطَلَعَ الْبَدْرُ الْمُنِيرُ فِي الدُّجَا

Then blessing and peace for ever on the Messenger of God, the best who ever guided, and his family and trustworthy companions, who travel the paths of salvation, as long as the sun of the day crosses the constellations and the shining full moon rises in the dark.

Google Translate ↗p. 32

The lesson

The lists where a goes wrong: in its matter or in its form. In the matter, through words — equivocation, or treating synonyms as distinct — or through meanings, when a false is mistaken for a true one: treating the as , assuming the conclusion as a premise, judging the by what holds of a , or treating the uncertain as certain. In the form, by leaving the or dropping a condition of producing.

Then the poet closes. He names himself, al-Akhḍarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; asks the reader to be lenient with the beginner and to correct mistakes only after , since many find fault with what is sound only because they misunderstand it; and asks pardon for a youth of twenty-one in the tenth century. He wrote the poem at the start of Muḥarram 941 (July 1534), and ends with blessings on the Prophet, his family and companions.

Terms

خَطَأُ الْمَادَّةِ khaṭaʾ al-mādda: an error in the matter: the premises
خَطَأُ الصُّورَةِ khaṭaʾ al-ṣūra: an error in the form: the figure and its conditions
الْمُصَادَرَةُ al-muṣādara: assuming the conclusion as a premise
الْمُسَامَحَةُ al-musāmaḥa: leniency with the beginner

Examples

وَكُنْ أَخِي لِلْمُبْتَدِي مُسَامِحَا
be lenient, my brother, with the beginner

خودت را بیازما

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

پرسش 1
Leaving out a condition of a figure is an error in…
پرسش 2
Taking the conclusion as one of the premises is an error in…
پرسش 3
How old was al-Akhḍarī when he wrote the Sullam, by his own words?

This was the last lesson of al-Sullam al-munawraq.

Next: Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam