خانه / al-Kubrā / درس 13 از 21
قفل
The accidentals and the four kinds of definer
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The accidentals and the four kinds of definer
Conceptions · al-khāṣṣa wa-l-ʿaraḍ al-ʿāmm wa-anwāʿ al-muʿarrif · pp. 64–66
الخاصَّةُ وَالعَرَضُ العامُّ وَأَنْواعُ المُعَرِّفِ
پیشنویس · در انتظار بازبینی
Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Text
- Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
و اما آن کلی که از حقیقت افراد خارج است اگر مخصوص بیک حقیقت باشد آن را خاصه خوانند، و حقیقت را تمیز کند از غیر تمیز عرضی، پس او کلی باشد که مقول شود در جواب ای شیء هو فی عرضه، چون ضاحک نسبت با انسان، و اگر مشترک باشد میان دو حقیقت یا بیشتر آن را عرض عام خوانند چون ماشی که مشترک است میان انسان و میان حیوانات. پس کلیات منحصر شد در پنج: نوع و جنس و فصل و خاصه و عرض عام. فصل. معرّف بر چهار قسم است: اول حد تام و آن مرکب باشد از جنس قریب و فصل قریب چون حیوان ناطق در تعریف انسان، دوم حد ناقص و آن مرکب باشد از جنس بعید و فصل قریب چون جسم نامی ناطق یا جسم ناطق یا جوهر ناطق در تعریف انسان، سوم رسم تام و آن مرکب باشد از جنس قریب و خاصه چون حیوان ضاحک در تعریف انسان، چهارم رسم ناقص و آن مرکب باشد از جنس بعید و خاصه چون جسم نامی ضاحک یا جسم ضاحک یا جوهر ضاحک در تعریف انسان. و شاید که رسم ناقص مرکب باشد از عرض عام و خاصه چون موجود ضاحک در تعریف انسان، و شاید که مرکب باشد از عرضیات فقط که مختص باشد جملهٔ عرضیات بحقیقت واحد، چون ماشٍ علی قدمیه عریض الاظفار بادی البشرة مستقیم القامة ضحاک بالطبع در تعریف انسان. و پیش اهل اصول و عربیت معرّف را با جمیع اقسامش حد خوانند.
As for the universal that is outside the reality of the individuals: if it belongs to one reality only, it is called a property, and it sets the reality apart from others with an accidental distinction, so it is a universal said in answer to “which thing is it in its accident?”, like laughing with respect to man; and if it is shared by two realities or more, it is called a common accident, like walking, which is shared by man and the animals. So the universals are confined to five: species, genus, differentia, property and common accident. Section. The definer is of four kinds. First, the complete definition, made of the near genus and the near differentia, like “rational animal” in defining man. Second, the incomplete definition, made of a far genus and the near differentia, like “rational growing body”, “rational body” or “rational substance” in defining man. Third, the complete description, made of the near genus and a property, like “laughing animal” in defining man. Fourth, the incomplete description, made of a far genus and a property, like “laughing growing body”, “laughing body” or “laughing substance” in defining man; an incomplete description may also be made of a common accident and a property, like “laughing existent”, or of accidents alone that together belong to one reality only, like “walking on two feet, broad-nailed, bare-skinned, upright, laughing by nature” in defining man. And among the scholars of legal theory and of Arabic the definer, with all its kinds, is called ḥadd.
Arabic translation
وَأَمَّا الْكُلِّيُّ الْخَارِجُ عَنْ حَقِيقَةِ الْأَفْرَادِ فَإِنْ كَانَ مُخْتَصًّا بِحَقِيقَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ سُمِّيَ خَاصَّةً، وَهِيَ تُمَيِّزُ الْحَقِيقَةَ عَنْ غَيْرِهَا تَمْيِيزًا عَرَضِيًّا، فَهِيَ كُلِّيٌّ يُقَالُ فِي جَوَابِ: أَيُّ شَيْءٍ هُوَ فِي عَرَضِهِ؟ كَالضَّاحِكِ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى الْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مُشْتَرَكًا بَيْنَ حَقِيقَتَيْنِ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ سُمِّيَ عَرَضًا عَامًّا، كَالْمَاشِي الْمُشْتَرَكِ بَيْنَ الْإِنْسَانِ وَالْحَيَوَانَاتِ. فَانْحَصَرَتِ الْكُلِّيَّاتُ فِي خَمْسٍ: النَّوْعِ وَالْجِنْسِ وَالْفَصْلِ وَالْخَاصَّةِ وَالْعَرَضِ الْعَامِّ. فَصْلٌ. الْمُعَرِّفُ أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: الْأَوَّلُ الْحَدُّ التَّامُّ، وَهُوَ الْمُرَكَّبُ مِنَ الْجِنْسِ الْقَرِيبِ وَالْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ، كَالْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْإِنْسَانِ. وَالثَّانِي الْحَدُّ النَّاقِصُ، وَهُوَ الْمُرَكَّبُ مِنَ الْجِنْسِ الْبَعِيدِ وَالْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ، كَالْجِسْمِ النَّامِي النَّاطِقِ أَوِ الْجِسْمِ النَّاطِقِ أَوِ الْجَوْهَرِ النَّاطِقِ فِي تَعْرِيفِهِ. وَالثَّالِثُ الرَّسْمُ التَّامُّ، وَهُوَ الْمُرَكَّبُ مِنَ الْجِنْسِ الْقَرِيبِ وَالْخَاصَّةِ، كَالْحَيَوَانِ الضَّاحِكِ فِي تَعْرِيفِهِ. وَالرَّابِعُ الرَّسْمُ النَّاقِصُ، وَهُوَ الْمُرَكَّبُ مِنَ الْجِنْسِ الْبَعِيدِ وَالْخَاصَّةِ، كَالْجِسْمِ النَّامِي الضَّاحِكِ أَوِ الْجِسْمِ الضَّاحِكِ أَوِ الْجَوْهَرِ الضَّاحِكِ فِي تَعْرِيفِهِ، وَقَدْ يَتَرَكَّبُ الرَّسْمُ النَّاقِصُ مِنَ الْعَرَضِ الْعَامِّ وَالْخَاصَّةِ كَالْمَوْجُودِ الضَّاحِكِ، وَقَدْ يَتَرَكَّبُ مِنْ عَرَضِيَّاتٍ فَقَطْ تَخْتَصُّ جُمْلَتُهَا بِحَقِيقَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، كَقَوْلِنَا فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْإِنْسَانِ: مَاشٍ عَلَى قَدَمَيْهِ، عَرِيضُ الْأَظْفَارِ، بَادِي الْبَشَرَةِ، مُسْتَقِيمُ الْقَامَةِ، ضَحَّاكٌ بِالطَّبْعِ. وَعِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْأُصُولِ وَالْعَرَبِيَّةِ يُسَمَّى الْمُعَرِّفُ بِجَمِيعِ أَقْسَامِهِ حَدًّا.
pp. 22–24
فصل. در تعریفات استعمال الفاظ مجازیه و مشترکه جائز نباشد مگر وقتیکه قرینهٔ واضح بوده باشد. فصل. بدانکه دانستن حقائق موجودات چون انسان و فرس و مانند آن و تمیز کردن میان اجناس و فصول آن حقائق و میان اعراض عامه و خواص اینها در غایت اشکال است، و دانستن مفهومات اصطلاحیه و تمیز کردن میان اجناس و اعراض عامه و میان فصول و خواص اینها آسان است، چون مفهوم کلمه و اسم و فعل و حرف و معرب و مبنی و مانند آن.
Section. In definitions it is not allowed to use figurative or equivocal words, except when there is a clear contextual sign. Section. Know that knowing the realities of existing things, such as man, horse and the like, and telling apart the genera and differentiae of those realities, and their common accidents and properties, is extremely difficult; while knowing conventional concepts, and telling apart their genera and common accidents, and their differentiae and properties, is easy, like the concepts of word, noun, verb, particle, declinable, indeclinable and the like.
Arabic translation
فَصْلٌ. لَا يَجُوزُ فِي التَّعْرِيفَاتِ اسْتِعْمَالُ الْأَلْفَاظِ الْمَجَازِيَّةِ وَالْمُشْتَرَكَةِ إِلَّا إِذَا كَانَتْ هُنَاكَ قَرِينَةٌ وَاضِحَةٌ. فَصْلٌ. اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ مَعْرِفَةَ حَقَائِقِ الْمَوْجُودَاتِ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ وَالْفَرَسِ وَنَحْوِهِمَا، وَالتَّمْيِيزَ بَيْنَ أَجْنَاسِ تِلْكَ الْحَقَائِقِ وَفُصُولِهَا، وَبَيْنَ أَعْرَاضِهَا الْعَامَّةِ وَخَوَاصِّهَا، فِي غَايَةِ الْإِشْكَالِ، وَأَمَّا مَعْرِفَةُ الْمَفْهُومَاتِ الِاصْطِلَاحِيَّةِ وَالتَّمْيِيزُ بَيْنَ أَجْنَاسِهَا وَأَعْرَاضِهَا الْعَامَّةِ، وَبَيْنَ فُصُولِهَا وَخَوَاصِّهَا، فَسَهْلٌ، كَمَفْهُومِ الْكَلِمَةِ وَالِاسْمِ وَالْفِعْلِ وَالْحَرْفِ وَالْمُعْرَبِ وَالْمَبْنِيِّ وَنَحْوِ ذٰلِكَ.
pp. 24–25
The lesson
A outside the of its individuals is a property (khāṣṣa) when it belongs to the individuals of one reality only and sets it apart accidentally, like laughing for man — it answers “which thing is it, in its accident?”; or a (ʿaraḍ ʿāmm) when it is shared by individuals of different realities, like walking, shared by man and the other animals. So the universals are five: , , , property and common accident.
A definer is of four kinds. A complete : near and near , “rational animal”. An incomplete definition: a far genus with the differentia, “rational growing body”, “rational body”, “rational substance”. A complete description: near genus and property, “laughing animal”. An incomplete description: a far genus with the property, “laughing body”; or a with the property, “laughing existent”; or several accidents that together belong to one only: “walking on two feet, broad-nailed, bare-skinned, upright, laughing by nature”. For the scholars of uṣūl and Arabic, “ḥadd” is used of every kind of definer.
Two closing remarks. A figurative or equivocal word may not be used in a without a clear sign of the meaning intended. And knowing the of things that exist — man, horse, water, earth, angels, jinn — and telling their genera from their differentiae and their common accidents from their properties is very hard; doing the same for conventional , such as the grammarians' word, noun, verb, particle, declinable and indeclinable, is easy, because we set those concepts up ourselves.
Terms
- الخاصَّةُ al-khāṣṣa
- property: outside the reality, proper to one
- العَرَضُ العامُّ al-ʿaraḍ al-ʿāmm
- common accident: outside, shared by several
- الحَدُّ التّامُّ al-ḥadd al-tāmm
- complete definition
- الحَدُّ النّاقِصُ al-ḥadd al-nāqiṣ
- incomplete definition
- الرَّسْمُ التّامُّ al-rasm al-tāmm
- complete description
- الرَّسْمُ النّاقِصُ al-rasm al-nāqiṣ
- incomplete description
- المَفْهُوماتُ الاعْتِبارِيَّةُ al-mafhūmāt al-iʿtibāriyya
- conventional concepts
Examples
الجَوْهَرُ النّاطِقُ
“rational substance”: an incomplete definition
المَوْجُودُ الضّاحِكُ
“laughing existent”: an incomplete description
ماشٍ عَلَى قَدَمَيْهِ عَرِيضُ الأَظْفارِ بادِي البَشَرَةِ مُسْتَقِيمُ القامَةِ ضَحّاكٌ بِالطَّبْعِ
a description by several accidents together
خودت را بیازما
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
پرسش 1
“Laughing existent” as a definition of man is…
It joins a common accident (existent) to a property (laughing): an incomplete description.
پرسش 2
For the scholars of uṣūl and Arabic, “ḥadd” means…
They use “ḥadd” for every kind of definer, while the logicians keep it for definitions by the differentia.
پرسش 3
Why is it easier to define the grammarians' “noun” than “horse”?
We fixed the conventional concepts ourselves; the real genera and differentiae of existing things are very hard to discern.
درس بعدی: The proposition, its parts and its kinds
ادامه ←