خانه / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / درس 9 از 18
قفل
The proposition: what admits truth of itself
بازگشت به Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullamمسیر مغربی · سطح 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · درس 9 از 18
The proposition: what admits truth of itself
Propositions · taʿrīf al-qaḍiyya · ص 66
تَعْرِيفُ القَضِيَّةِ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
درس‌های خود ما با نقل‌هایی از چاپ Cairo 1324/1906 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- متن
- عربی: بخش‌هایی که در درس‌ها نقل شده، رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ (همهٔ متن نقل نمی‌شود): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi بر سلم است، بیت به بیت، به پیروی از Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ سخنانش هر جا مهم‌تر است نقل می‌شود.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
به سخن Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
نقل‌شده از متن عربی Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(قَوْلُهُ ما احْتَمَلَ إِلَخْ) ما واقِعَةٌ عَلَى اللَّفْظِ الشّامِلِ لِجَمِيعِ الأَلْفاظِ، فَهِيَ جِنْسٌ، وَخَرَجَ بِقَوْلِهِ احْتَمَلَ الصِّدْقَ ما لَمْ يَحْتَمِلْهُ كَزَيْدٍ وَعَمْرٍو وَكَغُلامِ زَيْدٍ، وَبِقَوْلِهِ لِذاتِهِ ما احْتَمَلَهُ لا لِذاتِهِ بَلْ لِلازِمِهِ كَالإِنْشاءاتِ مِنَ الأَمْرِ وَالنَّهْيِ وَغَيْرِهِما، فَإِنَّ قَوْلَكَ: اسْقِنِي مَثَلًا وَإِنِ احْتَمَلَ الصِّدْقَ لٰكِنْ لا لِذاتِهِ، بَلْ لِما اسْتَلْزَمَهُ مِنْ قَوْلِكَ: أَنا طالِبٌ لِلسَّقْيِ مِنْكَ.
(His words “what admits …”): “what” applies to the utterance, covering all utterances, so it is the genus. “Admits truth” leaves out what does not admit it, like “Zayd”, “ʿAmr” or “Zayd's servant”; and “of itself” leaves out what admits it not of itself but through what it implies, like performatives — commands, prohibitions and the like. “Give me to drink”, for instance, though it admits truth, does so not of itself but through what it implies: “I ask you for a drink.”
وَدَخَلَ بِهٰذا القَيْدِ ما قُطِعَ بِصِدْقِهِ أَوْ بِكَذِبِهِ؛ فَالأَوَّلُ أَخْبارُ اللهِ وَأَخْبارُ رُسُلِهِ وَالأَخْبارُ المَعْلُومُ صِدْقُها بِضَرُورَةِ العَقْلِ نَحْوُ: الواحِدُ نِصْفُ الاثْنَيْنِ، وَالثّانِي كَأَخْبارِ مُسَيْلِمَةَ الكَذّابِ فِي دَعْواهُ النُّبُوَّةَ.
And this restriction lets in what is known for certain to be true or false: the first are the reports of God and of His messengers, and reports whose truth reason knows immediately, like “One is half of two”; the second are like the reports of Musaylima the Liar in his claim to prophethood.
درس
The Sullam defines the as “what admits truth of itself”. Al-Bājūrī reads the word by word. “What” refers to the and is the . “Admits truth” leaves out single words like “Zayd” and phrases like “Zayd's servant”, which are neither true nor false.
“Of itself” leaves out performatives — commands, prohibitions and the like — which admit truth only through something they imply: “Give me to drink” implies “I ask you for a drink”, which can be true or false, but the command itself is neither.
The same restriction lets in reports known for certain to be true or false. A report of God or of His messengers, or a truth of reason like “one is half of two”, cannot be false; the claims of Musaylima the Liar cannot be true. Yet each admits truth and falsehood of itself, as a sentence; what settles it is something outside the sentence.
اصطلاحات
- القَضِيَّةُ al-qaḍiyya
- proposition: what admits truth of itself
- الإِنْشاءُ al-inshāʾ
- performative speech: commands, prohibitions, questions
- لِذاتِهِ li-dhātihi
- of itself, not through what it implies
مثال‌ها
اسْقِنِي
“Give me to drink”: admits truth only through “I ask you for a drink”, not of itself
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Which part of the definition leaves out “Zayd's servant”?
“Admits truth” leaves out what does not admit it, like “Zayd”, “ʿAmr” or “Zayd's servant”.
پرسش 2
Why is “Give me to drink” not a proposition?
It admits truth only through “I ask you for a drink”, which it implies; so “of itself” leaves it out.
پرسش 3
Is “one is half of two” a proposition, though it cannot be false?
“This restriction lets in what is known for certain to be true or false”: such sentences admit truth and falsehood of themselves.
درس بعدی: Contradiction
ادامه ←