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Conditional propositions

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Indian path · level 2 · al-Mirqāt · Lesson 13 of 25

Conditional propositions

Propositions

القَضَايَا

Arabic text after the print of Deoband after 1336/1917 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Mirqāt المِرْقاة

Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī (d. 1243 or 1244/1828–29)

Text
Arabic: al-Mirqāt, with al-Shīrkūtī's gloss al-Mirʾāt (gloss not reproduced), checked against the Delhi print of 1286/1869 (Sayyid al-Maṭābiʿ); vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft), Kutub Khāna Iʿzāziyya, Deoband after 1336/1917 View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī

باب الشرطيات

قد عَرَفْتَ مَعْنى الشَّرْطِيَّةِ، وهي الّتي تَنْحَلُّ إلى قَضِيَّتَيْنِ، والآنَ نَهْدِيكَ إلى أقْسامِها، ونُرْشِدُكَ إلى أحْكامِها؛ فاعْلَمْ أيُّها الفَطِنُ اللَّبِيبُ والذَّكِيُّ الأرِيبُ أنّ الشَّرْطِيَّةَ قِسْمانِ: أحَدُهما المُتَّصِلَةُ، وثانِيهِما المُنْفَصِلَةُ. أمّا المُتَّصِلَةُ فهي الّتي حُكِمَ فيها بثُبُوتِ نِسْبَةٍ على تَقْدِيرِ ثُبُوتِ نِسْبَةٍ أُخْرى في الإيجابِ، وبنَفْيِ نِسْبَةٍ على تَقْدِيرِ نَفْيِ نِسْبَةٍ أُخْرى في السَّلْبِ، كقَوْلِنا في الإيجابِ: «إنْ كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَيَوانًا»، وقَوْلِنا في السَّلْبِ: «لَيْسَ البَتَّةَ إذا كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ فَرَسًا». ثُمَّ المُتَّصِلَةُ صِنْفانِ: إنْ كانَ ذلك الحُكْمُ لِعَلاقَةٍ بَيْنَ المُقَدَّمِ والتّالِي سُمِّيَتْ لُزُومِيَّةً كما مَرَّ، وإنْ كانَ ذلك الحُكْمُ بدُونِ العَلاقَةِ سُمِّيَتِ اتِّفاقِيَّةً، كقَوْلِكَ: «إذا كانَ الإنْسانُ ناطِقًا فالحِمارُ ناهِقٌ». والعَلاقَةُ في عُرْفِهم عِبارَةٌ عن أحَدِ الأمْرَيْنِ: إمّا أنْ يَكُونَ أحَدُهما عِلَّةً لِلْآخَرِ أو كِلاهُما مَعْلُولَيْنِ لِثالِثٍ، وإمّا أنْ يَكُونَ بَيْنَهُما عَلاقَةُ التَّضايُفِ. والتَّضايُفُ هو أنْ يَكُونَ تَعَقُّلُ أحَدِهِما مَوْقُوفًا على تَعَقُّلِ الآخَرِ كالأُبُوَّةِ والبُنُوَّةِ؛ فإذا قُلْتَ: «إنْ كانَ زَيْدٌ أبًا لِعَمْرٍو كانَ عَمْرٌو ابْنًا لَهُ» يَكُونُ شَرْطِيَّةً مُتَّصِلَةً بَيْنَ طَرَفَيْها عَلاقَةُ التَّضايُفِ. وأمّا المُنْفَصِلَةُ فهي الّتي حُكِمَ فيها بالتَّنافِي بَيْنَ شَيْئَيْنِ في مُوجَبَةٍ، وبسَلْبِ التَّنافِي بَيْنَهُما في سالِبَةٍ.

You have already learnt what a is: one that can be broken down into two . Now we shall guide you to its kinds and direct you to its rules. Know, then, perceptive and discerning reader, sharp-witted and skilled, that the conditional is of two kinds: the first is the , the second the . The connective is one in which it is judged, in the , that a relation holds on the supposition that another relation holds, and, in the , that a relation is negated on the supposition that another relation is negated; as when we say in the affirmative “If Zayd is a human, he is an animal”, and in the negative “Never at all: if Zayd is a human, he is a horse”. The connective is then of two sorts. If that judgement is made because of a connection (ʿalāqa) between the and the , it is called implicative (luzūmiyya), as [in the example] just given; if that judgement is made without a connection, it is called coincidental (ittifāqiyya), as when you say “If man is rational, the donkey brays”. In their usage, connection means one of two things: either one of the two is the cause of the other, or both are effects of a third; or there is between them the connection of correlation (taḍāyuf). Correlation is when understanding one of the two depends on understanding the other, like fatherhood and sonship. So if you say “If Zayd is ʿAmr's father, ʿAmr is his son”, this is a connective conditional between whose two sides there is the connection of correlation. The disjunctive is one in which it is judged, in an affirmative, that two things are incompatible, and, in a negative, that the incompatibility between them is denied.

al-Mirqāt · p. 29

فصل

الشَّرْطِيَّةُ المُنْفَصِلَةُ على ثَلاثَةِ أضْرُبٍ؛ لأنّها إنْ حُكِمَ فيها بالتَّنافِي أو بعَدَمِهِ بَيْنَ النِّسْبَتَيْنِ في الصِّدْقِ والكَذِبِ مَعًا كانَتِ المُنْفَصِلَةُ حَقِيقِيَّةً، كما تَقُولُ: «هذا العَدَدُ إمّا زَوْجٌ أو فَرْدٌ»، فلا يُمْكِنُ اجْتِماعُ الزَّوْجِيَّةِ والفَرْدِيَّةِ في عَدَدٍ مُعَيَّنٍ ولا ارْتِفاعُهُما. وإنْ حُكِمَ بالتَّنافِي أو بعَدَمِهِ صِدْقًا فَقَطْ كانَتْ مانِعَةَ الجَمْعِ، كقَوْلِكَ: «هذا الشَّيْءُ إمّا شَجَرٌ أو حَجَرٌ»، فلا يُمْكِنُ أنْ يَكُونَ شَيْءٌ مُعَيَّنٌ حَجَرًا وشَجَرًا مَعًا، ويُمْكِنُ أنْ لا يَكُونَ شَيْئًا مِنْهُما. وإنْ حُكِمَ بالتَّنافِي وسَلْبِهِ كَذِبًا فَقَطْ كانَتْ مانِعَةَ الخُلُوِّ، كقَوْلِ القائِلِ: «إمّا أنْ يَكُونَ زَيْدٌ في البَحْرِ أو لا يَغْرَقَ»، فارْتِفاعُهُما بأنْ لا يَكُونَ زَيْدٌ في البَحْرِ ويَغْرَقَ مُحالٌ، ولَيْسَ اجْتِماعُهُما مُحالًا بأنْ يَكُونَ في البَحْرِ ولا يَغْرَقَ.

The is of three sorts. If incompatibility, or its absence, is judged between the two relations in truth and in falsity together, the disjunctive is real (ḥaqīqiyya), as you say: “This number is either even or odd”; evenness and oddness cannot be together in a specified number, nor can both be absent. If incompatibility, or its absence, is judged in truth only, it excludes being together (māniʿat al-jamʿ), as when you say “This thing is either a tree or a stone”: a specified thing cannot be a stone and a tree at once, but it can be neither of them. If incompatibility, or its denial, is judged in falsity only, it excludes being absent together (māniʿat al-khuluww), as when someone says “Zayd is either in the sea or not drowning”: for both to be absent, with Zayd not in the sea and drowning, is impossible; but for both to be together, with him in the sea and not drowning, is not impossible.

al-Mirqāt · p. 30

فصل

المُنْفَصِلَةُ بأقْسامِها الثَّلاثَةِ قِسْمانِ: عِنادِيَّةٌ واتِّفاقِيَّةٌ؛ والعِنادِيَّةُ عِبارَةٌ عن أنْ يَكُونَ فيها التَّنافِي بَيْنَ الجُزْأَيْنِ لِذاتِهِما، والاتِّفاقِيَّةُ عِبارَةٌ عن أنْ يَكُونَ فيها التَّنافِي بمُجَرَّدِ الاتِّفاقِ.

The , in all three of its kinds, is of two sorts: oppositional (ʿinādiyya) and coincidental (ittifāqiyya). The oppositional is one in which the incompatibility between the two parts is due to the parts themselves; the coincidental is one in which the incompatibility is by mere coincidence.

al-Mirqāt · p. 31

فصل

اعْلَمْ أنّه كما يَنْقَسِمُ الحَمْلِيَّةُ إلى الشَّخْصِيَّةِ والمَحْصُورَةِ والمُهْمَلَةِ، كذلك الشَّرْطِيَّةُ تَنْقَسِمُ هذه الأقْسامَ، إلّا أنّ القَضِيَّةَ الطَّبْعِيَّةَ لا تُتَصَوَّرُ هٰهُنا. ثُمَّ التَّقادِيرُ في الشَّرْطِيَّةِ بمَنْزِلَةِ الأفْرادِ في الحَمْلِيَّةِ؛ فإنْ كانَ الحُكْمُ على تَقْدِيرٍ مُعَيَّنٍ ووَضْعٍ خاصٍّ سُمِّيَتِ الشَّرْطِيَّةُ شَخْصِيَّةً، كقَوْلِنا: «إنْ جِئْتَنِي اليَوْمَ أكْرَمْتُكَ»، وإنْ كانَ الحُكْمُ على جَمِيعِ تَقادِيرِ المُقَدَّمِ سُمِّيَتْ كُلِّيَّةً، نحوُ: «كُلَّما كانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طالِعَةً كانَ النَّهارُ مَوْجُودًا»، وإنْ كانَ الحُكْمُ على بَعْضِ التَّقادِيرِ كانَتْ جُزْئِيَّةً، كما في قَوْلِنا: «قد يَكُونُ إذا كانَ الشَّيْءُ حَيَوانًا كانَ إنْسانًا»، وإنْ تُرِكَ ذِكْرُ التَّقادِيرِ كُلًّا وبَعْضًا كانَتْ مُهْمَلَةً، نحوُ: «إنْ كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَيَوانًا».

Know that, just as the is divided into , and , the is divided into these same kinds; only a natural cannot be here. In the conditional, the situations (taqādīr) stand in place of the individuals in the categorical. If the judgement is made on one specified situation and a state, the conditional is called singular, as when we say “If you come to me today, I will honour you”. If the judgement is made on all the situations of the , it is called , as in “Whenever the sun has risen, it is day”. If the judgement is made on some of the situations, it is particular, as in our saying “Sometimes, if a thing is an animal, it is a human”. If mention of the situations, whether all or some, is left out, it is indefinite, as in “If Zayd is a human, he is an animal”.

al-Mirqāt · p. 31

فصل في ذكر أسوار الشرطيات

سُورُ المُوجَبَةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ في المُتَّصِلَةِ لَفْظَةُ «مَتى» و«مَهْما» و«كُلَّما»، وفي المُنْفَصِلَةِ «دائِمًا». وسُورُ السّالِبَةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ في المُتَّصِلَةِ والمُنْفَصِلَةِ «لَيْسَ البَتَّةَ». وسُورُ المُوجَبَةِ الجُزْئِيَّةِ فيهما «قد يَكُونُ». وسُورُ السّالِبَةِ الجُزْئِيَّةِ فيهما «قد لا يَكُونُ»، وبإدْخالِ حَرْفِ السَّلْبِ على سُورِ الإيجابِ الكُلِّيِّ. ولَفْظَةُ «لَوْ» و«إنْ» و«إذا» في الاتِّصالِ، و«إمّا» و«أوْ» في الانْفِصالِ، تَجِيءُ في الإهْمالِ.

The of the in the is the word matā (“when”), mahmā (“whatever time”) or kullamā (“whenever”), and in the dāʾiman (“always”). The quantifier of the in the connective and the disjunctive is laysa al-battata (“never at all”). The quantifier of the in both is qad yakūnu (“sometimes”). The quantifier of the in both is qad lā yakūnu (“sometimes not”), and also putting the particle of before the quantifier of the universal affirmative. The words law (“if it were”), in (“if”) and idhā (“when”) in connection, and immā (“either”) and aw (“or”) in disjunction, are used in [conditionals].

al-Mirqāt · p. 31

فصل

طَرَفا الشَّرْطِيَّةِ ـ أعْنِي المُقَدَّمَ والتّالِيَ ـ لا حُكْمَ فيهما حِينَ كَوْنِهِما طَرَفَيْنِ، وبَعْدَ التَّحْلِيلِ يُمْكِنُ أنْ يُعْتَبَرَ فيهما حُكْمٌ؛ فطَرَفاها إمّا شَبِيهَتانِ بحَمْلِيَّتَيْنِ، أو مُتَّصِلَتَيْنِ، أو مُنْفَصِلَتَيْنِ، أو مُخْتَلِفَتَيْنِ. عَلَيْكَ باسْتِخْراجِ الأمْثِلَةِ.

The two sides of a , I mean the and the , contain no judgement while they are its sides; after analysis, a judgement can be considered in them. So its two sides either resemble two , or two , or two , or they are mixed. It is up to you to work out the examples.

al-Mirqāt · p. 32

Test yourself

3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

  1. Question 1

    “If man is rational, the donkey brays.” Which kind of connective conditional is this, and why?

  2. Question 2

    “Zayd is either in the sea or not drowning.” Which kind of disjunctive is this?

  3. Question 3

    Conditionals are divided like categoricals into singular, quantified and indefinite. What, according to al-Mirqāt, is different?

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