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Words and meanings; request and report
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Words and meanings; request and report
Conceptions · nisbat al-alfāẓ li-l-maʿānī · p. 23
نِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِي
Draft · awaiting review
Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Text
- Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
وَنِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِيخَمْسَةُ أَقْسَامٍ بِلَا نُقْصَانِ
تَوَاطُؤٌ تَشَاكُكٌ تَخَالُفُوَالِاشْتِرَاكُ عَكْسُهُ التَّرَادُفُ
The relation of words to meanings is of five kinds, nothing lacking: univocal, graded, distinct, equivocal, and its opposite, synonymous.
Google Translate ↗p. 23
وَاللَّفْظُ إِمَّا طَلَبٌ أَوْ خَبَرُوَأَوَّلٌ ثَلَاثَةٌ سَتُذْكَرُ
أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَاوَفِي التَّسَاوِي فَالْتِمَاسٌ وَقَعَا
Speech is either a request or a report. The first is of three kinds, to be named: a command, with superiority; its opposite, a supplication; and between equals it is called a request (iltimās).
Google Translate ↗p. 23
The lesson
Words stand to meanings in five ways. Univocal (tawāṭuʾ): one meaning found equally in all it applies to, like “man” for Zayd and ʿAmr. Graded (tashākuk): one meaning found more in some than in others, like “white” for snow and for ivory. Distinct (takhāluf): different words for different meanings, like “man” and “horse”. Equivocal (ishtirāk): one word for several meanings, like “ʿayn”. Synonymous (tarāduf), its opposite: several words for one meaning, like “layth” and “asad”.
Speech is either a report (khabar), which can be true or false, or a request (ṭalab). A request from above is a command (amr); from below, a supplication (duʿāʾ); between equals, a request in the narrow sense (iltimās).
Terms
- التَّوَاطُؤُ al-tawāṭuʾ
- univocal: one meaning, equally
- التَّشَاكُكُ al-tashākuk
- graded: one meaning, more and less
- التَّخَالُفُ al-takhāluf
- distinct: different words, different meanings
- الِاشْتِرَاكُ al-ishtirāk
- equivocal: one word, several meanings
- التَّرَادُفُ al-tarāduf
- synonymous: several words, one meaning
- الْأَمْرُ / الدُّعَاءُ / الِالْتِمَاسُ al-amr / al-duʿāʾ / al-iltimās
- command / supplication / request between equals
Examples
أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَا
a command comes from above; its opposite is a supplication
Test yourself
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Question 1
“White” said of snow and of ivory, more of one than the other, is…
One meaning found more strongly in some than in others is graded.
Question 2
A request addressed by an equal to an equal is called…
With superiority it is a command, from below a supplication, and between equals iltimās.
Question 3
“ʿAyn” for eye, spring and essence is…
One word with several meanings is equivocal.
Next lesson: Whole and universal, part and particular
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