The second and third figures

Proof · al-shakl al-thānī wa-l-thālith · pp. 81–83

الشَّكْلُ الثّانِي وَالثّالِثُ

Draft · awaiting review

Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.

Read the whole Persian text →

Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

و شرط شکل ثانی آنست که مقدمتین وی مختلفتین باشند در ایجاب و سلب، یعنی یکی موجبه باشد و دیگری سالبه، و کبری وی کلیه باشد، و ضروب منتجهٔ وی نیز چهار است: اول موجبهٔ کلیه صغری و سالبهٔ کلیه کبری، چنانکه همه ج ب است و هیچ از آ ب نیست پس هیچ از ج آ نیست؛ دوم عکس این، چنانکه هیچ از ج ب نیست و همه آ ب است پس هیچ از ج آ نیست؛ سوم موجبهٔ جزئیه صغری و سالبهٔ کلیه کبری، چنانکه بعض ج ب است و هیچ از آ ب نیست پس بعض ج آ نیست؛ چهارم سالبهٔ جزئیه صغری و موجبهٔ کلیه کبری، چنانکه بعض ج ب نیست و همه آ ب است پس بعض ج آ نیست. پس نتیجهٔ شکل ثانی نیست الا سالبه، اما کلیه و اما جزئیه. و شرط شکل ثالث آنست که صغری وی موجبه باشد و یکی از مقدمتین وی کلیه باشد، و ضروب وی شش است: سه منتج ایجاب جزئی و سه منتج سلب جزئی. و آن سه که منتج ایجاب جزئی است: اول موجبتین کلیتین، چنانکه همه ب ج است و همه ب آ است؛ دوم صغری موجبهٔ جزئیه و کبری موجبهٔ کلیه، چنانکه بعض ب ج است و همه ب آ است؛ سوم صغری موجبهٔ کلیه و کبری موجبهٔ جزئیه، چنانکه همه ب ج است و بعض ب آ است، پس نتیجهٔ این سه ضرب بعض ج آ است. و آن سه که منتج سلب جزئی است: اول موجبهٔ کلیه صغری و سالبهٔ کلیه کبری، چنانکه همه ب ج است و هیچ از ب آ نیست؛ دوم موجبهٔ جزئیه صغری و سالبهٔ کلیه کبری، چنانکه بعض ب ج است و هیچ از ب آ نیست؛ سوم موجبهٔ کلیه صغری و سالبهٔ جزئیه کبری، چنانکه همه ب ج است و بعض ب آ نیست؛ و نتیجهٔ این سه ضرب این است که بعض ج آ نیست. و شکل رابع بعید است از طبع، پس او را درینجا اسقاط کردیم.

The condition of the second figure is that its two premises differ in affirmation and negation, one affirmative and the other negative, and that its major be universal. Its productive moods are also four. First, a universal affirmative minor and a universal negative major, as in “every C is B, and no A is B, so no C is A”. Second, the reverse of this, as in “no C is B, and every A is B, so no C is A”. Third, a particular affirmative minor and a universal negative major, as in “some C is B, and no A is B, so some C is not A”. Fourth, a particular negative minor and a universal affirmative major, as in “some C is not B, and every A is B, so some C is not A”. So the conclusion of the second figure is only negative, universal or particular. The condition of the third figure is that its minor be affirmative and one of its two premises universal. Its moods are six: three conclude a particular affirmative and three a particular negative. The three that conclude a particular affirmative: first, two universal affirmatives, as in “every B is C, and every B is A”; second, a particular affirmative minor and a universal affirmative major, as in “some B is C, and every B is A”; third, a universal affirmative minor and a particular affirmative major, as in “every B is C, and some B is A”; the conclusion of these three moods is “some C is A”. The three that conclude a particular negative: first, a universal affirmative minor and a universal negative major, as in “every B is C, and no B is A”; second, a particular affirmative minor and a universal negative major, as in “some B is C, and no B is A”; third, a universal affirmative minor and a particular negative major, as in “every B is C, and some B is not A”; the conclusion of these three moods is “some C is not A”. The fourth figure is far from nature, so we have left it out here.

Arabic translation

وَشَرْطُ الشَّكْلِ الثَّانِي أَنْ تَخْتَلِفَ مُقَدِّمَتَاهُ فِي الْإِيجَابِ وَالسَّلْبِ، فَتَكُونَ إِحْدَاهُمَا مُوجَبَةً وَالْأُخْرَى سَالِبَةً، وَأَنْ تَكُونَ كُبْرَاهُ كُلِّيَّةً، وَضُرُوبُهُ الْمُنْتِجَةُ أَيْضًا أَرْبَعَةٌ: الْأَوَّلُ مِنْ مُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَسَالِبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ ج ب، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ أ ب، فَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ ج أ. وَالثَّانِي عَكْسُهُ، كَقَوْلِنَا: لَا شَيْءَ مِنْ ج ب، وَكُلُّ أ ب، فَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ ج أ. وَالثَّالِثُ مِنْ مُوجَبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَسَالِبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: بَعْضُ ج ب، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ أ ب، فَبَعْضُ ج لَيْسَ أ. وَالرَّابِعُ مِنْ سَالِبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَمُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: بَعْضُ ج لَيْسَ ب، وَكُلُّ أ ب، فَبَعْضُ ج لَيْسَ أ. فَنَتِيجَةُ الشَّكْلِ الثَّانِي لَا تَكُونُ إِلَّا سَالِبَةً، إِمَّا كُلِّيَّةً وَإِمَّا جُزْئِيَّةً. وَشَرْطُ الشَّكْلِ الثَّالِثِ أَنْ تَكُونَ صُغْرَاهُ مُوجَبَةً، وَأَنْ تَكُونَ إِحْدَى مُقَدِّمَتَيْهِ كُلِّيَّةً، وَضُرُوبُهُ سِتَّةٌ: ثَلَاثَةٌ تُنْتِجُ الْإِيجَابَ الْجُزْئِيَّ، وَثَلَاثَةٌ تُنْتِجُ السَّلْبَ الْجُزْئِيَّ. فَالثَّلَاثَةُ الْمُنْتِجَةُ لِلْإِيجَابِ الْجُزْئِيِّ: الْأَوَّلُ مِنْ مُوجَبَتَيْنِ كُلِّيَّتَيْنِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ ب ج، وَكُلُّ ب أ، وَالثَّانِي مِنْ صُغْرَى مُوجَبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ وَكُبْرَى مُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ، كَقَوْلِنَا: بَعْضُ ب ج، وَكُلُّ ب أ، وَالثَّالِثُ مِنْ صُغْرَى مُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ وَكُبْرَى مُوجَبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ ب ج، وَبَعْضُ ب أ، وَنَتِيجَةُ هٰذِهِ الضُّرُوبِ الثَّلَاثَةِ: بَعْضُ ج أ. وَالثَّلَاثَةُ الْمُنْتِجَةُ لِلسَّلْبِ الْجُزْئِيِّ: الْأَوَّلُ مِنْ مُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَسَالِبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ ب ج، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ ب أ، وَالثَّانِي مِنْ مُوجَبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَسَالِبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: بَعْضُ ب ج، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنْ ب أ، وَالثَّالِثُ مِنْ مُوجَبَةٍ كُلِّيَّةٍ صُغْرَى وَسَالِبَةٍ جُزْئِيَّةٍ كُبْرَى، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ ب ج، وَبَعْضُ ب لَيْسَ أ، وَنَتِيجَةُ هٰذِهِ الضُّرُوبِ الثَّلَاثَةِ: بَعْضُ ج لَيْسَ أ. وَأَمَّا الشَّكْلُ الرَّابِعُ فَبَعِيدٌ عَنِ الطَّبْعِ، فَأَسْقَطْنَاهُ هٰهُنَا.

Google Translate ↗pp. 38–40

The lesson

The second produces a on two conditions: the differ in quality, one and one , and the is . Its conclusion is always negative. Its four : , major , concluding universal negative — “every man is an animal; no stone is an animal; so no man is a stone” (shown by the major); minor universal negative, major universal affirmative, universal negative — “no stone is an animal; every man is an animal; so no stone is a man”; minor , major universal negative, — “some animal is a man; no horse is a man; so some animal is not a horse”; minor particular negative, major universal affirmative, particular negative — “some animal is not rational; every man is rational; so some animal is not a man”.

The third also has two conditions: the is , and one of the two is . It has six , all with . Three conclude a : both , “every rational is an animal; every rational is a man; so some animal is a man”; minor particular affirmative and universal affirmative, “some man laughs; every man is an animal; so some animal laughs”; minor universal affirmative and major particular affirmative, “every animal is a body; some animal is a man; so some body is a man”.

Three conclude a : and , “every man is a body; no man is inanimate; so some body is not inanimate”; minor and major universal negative, “some nabīdh intoxicates; no nabīdh is wine; so some intoxicant is not wine”; minor universal affirmative and major particular negative, “every man is a body; some man is not a writer; so some body is not a writer”. The fourth is far from nature, so the Kubrā does not give its conditions and .

Terms

اخْتِلافُ المُقَدِّمَتَيْنِ فِي الكَيْفِ ikhtilāf al-muqaddimatayn fī l-kayf: the premises differing in quality
الشَّكْلُ الثّانِي al-shakl al-thānī: second figure: middle term predicate in both
الشَّكْلُ الثّالِثُ al-shakl al-thālith: third figure: middle term subject in both
النَّتِيجَةُ al-natīja: conclusion

Examples

كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ وَلا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَجَرِ بِحَيَوانٍ فَلا شَيْءَ مِنَ الإِنْسانِ بِحَجَرٍ
second figure, first mood
بَعْضُ النَّبِيذِ مُسْكِرٌ وَلا شَيْءَ مِنَ النَّبِيذِ بِخَمْرٍ فَبَعْضُ المُسْكِرِ لَيْسَ بِخَمْرٍ
third figure: a particular negative

Test yourself

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Question 1
What is always true of the conclusion of the second figure?
Question 2
What kind of conclusion does the third figure give?
Question 3
Why does the Kubrā not give the moods of the fourth figure?

Next lesson: The exceptive syllogism

Continue →