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The five universals: genus and species

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3. seviyenin 4. dersine bir bakış. 3. seviye, 2. seviyeden sonra açılır; o zamana kadar bu dersi okuyabilirsin, ama testi ve devamı kapalı kalır.

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Hint yolu · 3. seviye · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Ders 4 / 16

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The five universals: genus and species

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الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس

Cairo 1330/1912 baskısına göre Arapça metin · çeviri The Mantiqi, taslak

Bu metin hakkında

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ

Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)

Metin: Arapça: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 Taramayı gör
Çeviri: The Mantiqi'nin kendi çevirisi; taslak.
İnceleme: Taslak, Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf tarafından incelenmeyi bekliyor.

Metin Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī

Çeviri şimdilik İngilizce.

وَالكُلِّيّاتُ خَمْسٌ: الأَوَّلُ الجِنْسُ، وَهُوَ المَقُولُ عَلَى الكَثْرَةِ المُخْتَلِفَةِ الحَقِيقَةِ فِي جَوابِ ما هُوَ، فَإِنْ كانَ الجَوابُ عَنِ الماهِيَّةِ وَعَنْ بَعْضِ المُشارِكاتِ هُوَ الجَوابَ عَنْها وَعَنِ الكُلِّ فَقَرِيبٌ كَالحَيَوانِ، وَإِلّا فَبَعِيدٌ كَالجِسْمِ النّامِي.

The are five. The first is the (jins): what is said of a multitude differing in their in answer to “What is it?”. If the answer about the and about some of what shares the genus with it is also the answer about it and about all that shares it, the genus is near (qarīb), like “animal”; otherwise it is (baʿīd), like “growing body”.

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · s. 5–6

الثّانِي النَّوْعُ، وَهُوَ المَقُولُ عَلَى الكَثْرَةِ المُتَّفِقَةِ الحَقِيقَةِ فِي جَوابِ ما هُوَ، وَقَدْ يُقالُ عَلَى الماهِيَّةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ المَقُولِ عَلَيْها وَعَلَى غَيْرِها الجِنْسُ فِي جَوابِ ما هُوَ، وَيَخْتَصُّ هٰذا النَّوْعُ بِاسْمِ الإِضافِيِّ كَالأَوَّلِ بِالحَقِيقِيِّ، وَبَيْنَهُما عُمُومٌ مِنْ وَجْهٍ، لِتَصادُقِهِما عَلَى الإِنْسانِ، وَتَفارُقِهِما فِي الحَيَوانِ وَالنُّقْطَةِ. ثُمَّ الأَجْناسُ تَتَرَتَّبُ مُتَصاعِدَةً إِلَى العالِي، وَيُسَمَّى جِنْسَ الأَجْناسِ، وَالأَنْواعُ قَدْ تَتَرَتَّبُ مُتَنازِلَةً إِلَى السّافِلِ، وَيُسَمَّى نَوْعَ الأَنْواعِ، وَما بَيْنَهُما مُتَوَسِّطاتٌ.

The second is the (nawʿ): what is said of a multitude agreeing in their in answer to “What is it?”. It is also said of a of which, and of other things, the is said in answer to “What is it?”. This species is specially called relative (iḍāfī), as the first is called real (ḥaqīqī). Between the two there is generality in one respect, since both are true of “human”, and they part in “animal” and in “the point”. The genera are ordered ascending to the highest, which is called the genus of genera; the species may be ordered descending to the lowest, which is called the species of species; and what lies between them are intermediates.

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · s. 5–6

Kendini sına

Şerhin açıkladıkları üzerine 3 soru. 10 üzerinden 6 veya daha fazlasıyla (iki yıldız) sonraki ders açılır.

Soru 1
Why is “animal” a near genus of “human” while “growing body” is a remote one?
Soru 2
The Tahdhīb distinguishes the real species (ḥaqīqī) from the relative species (iḍāfī). What is the relation between them?
Soru 3
What is the “species of species” (nawʿ al-anwāʿ)?

Sıradaki ders: Differentia, property and accident; the three universals

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