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Near and far genus
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Near and far genus
Definition · al-jins al-qarīb wa-l-baʿīd · p. 11
الجِنْسُ القَرِيبُ وَالبَعِيدُ
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Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Text
- Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā View the scan
- Lessons follow
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
و جنس اگر تمام مشترک نسبت با همهٔ مشارکات آن را جنس قریب خوانند چون حیوان، و اگر نسبت با بعضی مشارکات تمام مشترک باشد فقط آن را جنس بعید خوانند چون جوهر که مشترک است میان انسان و مجردات و حیوانات و نباتات و جمادات و تمام مشترک نیست مگر نسبت با مجردات، و مراتب بعد مختلف میشود.
A genus that is the whole of what is shared with respect to everything that shares with the thing is called a near genus (jins qarīb), like animal; and one that is the whole of what is shared only with respect to some of what shares with it is called a far genus (jins baʿīd), like substance, which is shared by man, the immaterial beings, the animals, the plants and the minerals, but is the whole of what is shared only with respect to the immaterial beings. And the ranks of farness differ.
Arabic translation
وَالْجِنْسُ إِنْ كَانَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى جَمِيعِ الْمُشَارِكَاتِ سُمِّيَ جِنْسًا قَرِيبًا، كَالْحَيَوَانِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى بَعْضِ الْمُشَارِكَاتِ فَقَطْ سُمِّيَ جِنْسًا بَعِيدًا، كَالْجَوْهَرِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ بَيْنَ الْإِنْسَانِ وَالْمُجَرَّدَاتِ وَالْحَيَوَانَاتِ وَالنَّبَاتَاتِ وَالْجَمَادَاتِ، وَلَيْسَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ إِلَّا بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى الْمُجَرَّدَاتِ. وَمَرَاتِبُ الْبُعْدِ مُخْتَلِفَةٌ.
The lesson
A is near or far. The near genus (jins qarīb) is the whole shared part between a and all the kinds that share in it: “animal” for man, shared with horse, cow and elephant alike.
The far (jins baʿīd) is the whole shared part between a and only some of the kinds that share in it. “Substance” (jawhar) is shared by separate beings (which need no matter, such as intellect and soul in the view of the philosophers), animals, plants and minerals. But it is the whole shared part only for the separate beings; what animals, plants and minerals share completely is “body”.
So between a and its farthest there are degrees: the growing body is far, body as such is farther, and substance is the farthest of all.
Terms
- الجِنْسُ القَرِيبُ al-jins al-qarīb
- near genus: shared completely with all kinds under it
- الجِنْسُ البَعِيدُ al-jins al-baʿīd
- far genus: shared completely with only some
- الجَوْهَرُ al-jawhar
- substance
- المُجَرَّداتُ al-mujarradāt
- separate beings, which need no matter
- الجِسْمُ النّامِي al-jism al-nāmī
- growing body
Examples
الحَيَوانُ
near genus of man
الجِسْمُ النّامِي ← الجِسْمُ ← الجَوْهَرُ
growing body, body, substance: ever farther genera of man
Kendini sına
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Soru 1
For man, which is the near genus?
“Animal” is the whole shared part between man and every animal, so it is the near genus. “Rational” is a differentia, not a genus.
Soru 2
Why is “substance” a far genus for animals, plants and minerals?
A far genus is the whole shared part with only some of the kinds under it. Animals, plants and minerals share all of “body”, so substance lies beyond their whole shared part.
Soru 3
Put the genera of man from near to far.
Animal is the near genus; then growing body (far), body (farther) and substance (farthest).
Sıradaki ders: The four kinds of definition
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