Ana sayfa / al-Kubrā / Ders 16 / 21
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The five modals and conversion
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The five modals and conversion
Assents · al-muwajjahāt al-khams wa-l-ʿaks al-mustawī · pp. 72–74
المُوَجَّهاتُ الخَمْسُ وَالعَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي
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Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Text
- Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
فصل. نسبت محمول با موضوع خواه بایجاب خواه بسلب شاید که ضروری باشد یعنی مستحیل الانفکاک باشد، آن را قضیهٔ ضروریهٔ مطلقه خوانند چون کل انسان حیوان بالضرورة و لا شیء من الانسان بحجر بالضرورة؛ و شاید که سلب ضرورت از هر دو طرف باشد، آن را ممکنهٔ خاصه خوانند چون کل انسان کاتب بالامکان الخاص و لا شیء من الانسان بکاتب بالامکان الخاص، موجبه و سالبه را معنی یکی است، یعنی ثبوت کتابت و سلب کتابت هیچکدام انسان را ضروری نیست؛ و یا از یک طرف باشد که مخالف حکم اوست، آن را ممکنهٔ عامه خوانند چون کل انسان کاتب بالامکان العام یعنی سلب کتابت از انسان ضروری نیست، و چون لا شیء من الانسان بکاتب بالامکان العام یعنی ثبوت کتابت انسان را ضروری نیست؛ و شاید که بدوام باشد یعنی همیشگی بی اعتبار ضرورت، آن را دائمهٔ مطلقه خوانند چون کل فلک متحرک دائماً؛ و شاید که بالفعل باشد یعنی فی الجمله، آن را مطلقهٔ عامه خوانند چون کل انسان متنفس بالفعل. فصل. عکس قضیهٔ حملیه آن باشد که محمول را موضوع کنند و موضوع را محمول بر وجهی که ایجاب و سلب و صدق اصلی محفوظ باشد. پس موجبهٔ کلیه موجبهٔ جزئیه منعکس شود، مثلاً هرگاه که کل انسان حیوان صادق شود بعض الحیوان انسان صادق شود؛ همچنین موجبهٔ جزئیه موجبهٔ جزئیه منعکس شود، مثلاً بعض الحیوان انسان صادق شود بعض الانسان حیوان نیز صادق شود، زیرا که موضوع و محمول با هم متلاقی شده اند در ذات موضوع، و شاید که محمول اعم باشد پس در عکس کلیه صادق نباشد. و سالبهٔ کلیه کنفسها منعکس شود چون ضروریه باشد، مثلاً هرگاه که لا شیء من الانسان بحجر بالضرورة صادق باشد لا شیء من الحجر بانسان بالضرورة صادق باشد. و سالبهٔ جزئیه را عکس لازم نیست، زیرا که لیس بعض الحیوان بانسان صادق است و در عکس وی لیس بعض الانسان بحیوان صادق نیست.
Section. The relation of the predicate to the subject, affirmative or negative, may be necessary, that is, impossible to separate; then the proposition is called absolute necessary, like “every man is an animal by necessity” and “no man is a stone by necessity”. Or necessity may be removed from both sides; then it is called special possible, like “every man is a writer by special possibility” and “no man is a writer by special possibility” — the affirmative and the negative mean the same, namely that neither the writing of man nor its absence is necessary to him. Or it may be removed from one side, the side opposite to the judgement; then it is called general possible, like “every man is a writer by general possibility”, that is, the absence of writing from man is not necessary, and “no man is a writer by general possibility”, that is, writing is not necessary to man. It may be by perpetuity, that is, always, without regard to necessity; then it is called absolute perpetual, like “every sphere is moving, always”. And it may be in fact, that is, at some time; then it is called general absolute, like “every man is breathing, in fact”. Section. The conversion of a categorical proposition is making the predicate the subject and the subject the predicate in such a way that affirmation, negation and the truth of the original are kept. So the universal affirmative converts into a particular affirmative: whenever “every man is an animal” is true, “some animal is a man” is true. Likewise the particular affirmative converts into a particular affirmative: if “some animal is a man” is true, “some man is an animal” is true too, because subject and predicate have met in the subject's person; and since the predicate may be wider, the converse is not true as a universal. The universal negative converts like itself when it is necessary: whenever “no man is a stone, by necessity” is true, “no stone is a man, by necessity” is true. And the particular negative has no necessary converse, for “some animal is not a man” is true, but its converse, “some man is not an animal”, is not true.
Arabic translation
فَصْلٌ. نِسْبَةُ الْمَحْمُولِ إِلَى الْمَوْضُوعِ، إِيجَابًا كَانَتْ أَوْ سَلْبًا، قَدْ تَكُونُ ضَرُورِيَّةً، أَيْ مُسْتَحِيلَةَ الِانْفِكَاكِ، فَتُسَمَّى الْقَضِيَّةُ ضَرُورِيَّةً مُطْلَقَةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ بِالضَّرُورَةِ، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ بِحَجَرٍ بِالضَّرُورَةِ. وَقَدْ يَكُونُ الْحُكْمُ بِسَلْبِ الضَّرُورَةِ عَنِ الطَّرَفَيْنِ، فَتُسَمَّى مُمْكِنَةً خَاصَّةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ كَاتِبٌ بِالْإِمْكَانِ الْخَاصِّ، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ بِكَاتِبٍ بِالْإِمْكَانِ الْخَاصِّ، وَمَعْنَى الْمُوجَبَةِ وَالسَّالِبَةِ وَاحِدٌ، وَهُوَ أَنَّ ثُبُوتَ الْكِتَابَةِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ وَسَلْبَهَا عَنْهُ لَيْسَ شَيْءٌ مِنْهُمَا ضَرُورِيًّا. وَقَدْ يَكُونُ بِسَلْبِهَا عَنْ طَرَفٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَهُوَ الطَّرَفُ الْمُخَالِفُ لِلْحُكْمِ، فَتُسَمَّى مُمْكِنَةً عَامَّةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ كَاتِبٌ بِالْإِمْكَانِ الْعَامِّ، أَيْ سَلْبُ الْكِتَابَةِ عَنْهُ لَيْسَ بِضَرُورِيٍّ، وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ بِكَاتِبٍ بِالْإِمْكَانِ الْعَامِّ، أَيْ ثُبُوتُهَا لَهُ لَيْسَ بِضَرُورِيٍّ. وَقَدْ يَكُونُ بِالدَّوَامِ، أَيْ دَائِمًا مِنْ غَيْرِ اعْتِبَارِ الضَّرُورَةِ، فَتُسَمَّى دَائِمَةً مُطْلَقَةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ فَلَكٍ مُتَحَرِّكٌ دَائِمًا. وَقَدْ يَكُونُ بِالْفِعْلِ، أَيْ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ، فَتُسَمَّى مُطْلَقَةً عَامَّةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ مُتَنَفِّسٌ بِالْفِعْلِ. فَصْلٌ. عَكْسُ الْقَضِيَّةِ الْحَمْلِيَّةِ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ الْمَحْمُولُ مَوْضُوعًا وَالْمَوْضُوعُ مَحْمُولًا عَلَى وَجْهٍ يُحْفَظُ فِيهِ الْإِيجَابُ وَالسَّلْبُ وَصِدْقُ الْأَصْلِ. فَالْمُوجَبَةُ الْكُلِّيَّةُ تَنْعَكِسُ مُوجَبَةً جُزْئِيَّةً، فَإِذَا صَدَقَ: كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ، صَدَقَ: بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنْسَانٌ، وَكَذٰلِكَ الْمُوجَبَةُ الْجُزْئِيَّةُ تَنْعَكِسُ مُوجَبَةً جُزْئِيَّةً، فَإِذَا صَدَقَ: بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنْسَانٌ، صَدَقَ: بَعْضُ الْإِنْسَانِ حَيَوَانٌ، لِأَنَّ الْمَوْضُوعَ وَالْمَحْمُولَ قَدْ تَلَاقَيَا فِي ذَاتِ الْمَوْضُوعِ، وَلَمَّا جَازَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَحْمُولُ أَعَمَّ لَمْ يَصْدُقِ الْعَكْسُ كُلِّيًّا. وَالسَّالِبَةُ الْكُلِّيَّةُ تَنْعَكِسُ كَنَفْسِهَا إِذَا كَانَتْ ضَرُورِيَّةً، فَإِذَا صَدَقَ: لَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ بِحَجَرٍ بِالضَّرُورَةِ، صَدَقَ: لَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْحَجَرِ بِإِنْسَانٍ بِالضَّرُورَةِ. وَأَمَّا السَّالِبَةُ الْجُزْئِيَّةُ فَلَا يَلْزَمُهَا عَكْسٌ، لِأَنَّ قَوْلَنَا: لَيْسَ بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ بِإِنْسَانٍ، صَادِقٌ، وَعَكْسُهُ: لَيْسَ بَعْضُ الْإِنْسَانِ بِحَيَوَانٍ، غَيْرُ صَادِقٍ.
Google Translate ↗pp. 29–32
The lesson
Here the Kubrā gives only five modals, the most important ones; the longer handbooks count thirteen. The absolute necessary: the cannot be separated from the , “every man is an animal by necessity”. The special possible: necessity is removed from both sides, “every man writes, by special possibility”. The general possible: necessity is removed from the opposite side, “every man writes, by general possibility” — not writing is not necessary for him. The absolute perpetual: the predicate belongs always, without necessity, “every sphere moves, always”. The general absolute: it belongs in fact, at some time, “every man breathes, in fact”.
makes the the and the predicate the subject, keeping or and the truth. The converts into a : “every man is an animal” gives “some animal is a man”. The particular affirmative converts into a particular affirmative: “some cloth is white”, “some white thing is cloth”. Where the predicate is wider, it does not convert into a : from “some animal is white” you may not say “every white thing is an animal”.
The into a universal negative, in the absolute necessary: “no man is a stone, by necessity” gives “no stone is a man, by necessity”. The , where the is wider than the without qualification, has no true converse: “some animal is not a man” does not give “some man is not an animal”. But where they overlap in part, “some animal is not white”, its converse, “some white thing is not an animal”, does hold; so the saying that the particular negative has no converse is not true without qualification.
Terms
- الضَّرُورِيَّةُ المُطْلَقَةُ al-ḍarūriyya al-muṭlaqa
- absolute necessary
- المُمْكِنَةُ الخاصَّةُ al-mumkina al-khāṣṣa
- special possible
- المُمْكِنَةُ العامَّةُ al-mumkina al-ʿāmma
- general possible
- الدّائِمَةُ المُطْلَقَةُ al-dāʾima al-muṭlaqa
- absolute perpetual
- المُطْلَقَةُ العامَّةُ al-muṭlaqa al-ʿāmma
- general absolute
- العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī
- conversion
Examples
كُلُّ فَلَكٍ مُتَحَرِّكٌ دائِمًا
“every sphere moves, always”: absolute perpetual
بَعْضُ الثَّوْبِ أَبْيَضُ ← بَعْضُ الأَبْيَضِ ثَوْبٌ
a particular affirmative and its converse
Kendini sına
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Soru 1
What is the converse of “some cloth is white”?
A particular affirmative converts into a particular affirmative.
Soru 2
How many modals does the Kubrā give?
It names the five most important and leaves the rest to the longer handbooks.
Soru 3
Is it true without qualification that the particular negative has no converse?
“Some animal is not white” converts truly into “some white thing is not an animal”; it fails only where the predicate is wider without qualification.
Sıradaki ders: Contradiction; the kinds of conditional
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