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Contradiction
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Contradiction
Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · pp. 79–81
التَّناقُضُ
Taslak · inceleme bekliyor
Our own lessons with quotations from the print of Cairo 1324/1906 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Text
- Arabic: passages quoted in the lessons, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print (the whole text is not reproduced): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations of the Sullam, verse by verse, following Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; his words are quoted where they matter most.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
In Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī's words
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Quoted from the Arabic of Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
وَمَعْنَى التَّناقُضِ لُغَةً إِثْباتُ الشَّيْءِ وَرَفْعُهُ، وَاصْطِلاحًا ما ذَكَرَهُ المُصَنِّفُ … وَقَوْلُهُ خُلْفُ القَضِيَّتَيْنِ إِلَخْ: الخُلْفُ اسْمُ مَصْدَرٍ بِمَعْنَى الاخْتِلافِ، وَهُوَ جِنْسٌ دَخَلَ فِيهِ جَمِيعُ الاخْتِلافاتِ، وَخَرَجَ بِإِضافَتِهِ إِلَى القَضِيَّتَيْنِ خُلْفُ غَيْرِهِما مِنَ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِنْشائِيَّةِ كَقُمْ لا تَقُمْ، أَوِ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِضافِيَّةِ كَغُلامِ زَيْدٍ لا غُلامِ زَيْدٍ، وَالمُفْرَداتِ كَزَيْدٍ لا زَيْدٍ.
In the language, contradiction (tanāquḍ) means affirming a thing and lifting it; as a technical term, it is what the author gives … His words “the difference (khulf) of two propositions”: khulf is a verbal noun meaning difference, a genus that takes in every kind of difference; adding “of two propositions” leaves out the difference of other things — performative compounds like “Stand! Do not stand!”, possessive compounds like “Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”, and single words like “Zayd, not Zayd”.
Google Translate ↗p. 79
وَإِنَّما لَمْ يَكُنْ نَقِيضُ المُوجِبَةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ سالِبَةً كُلِّيَّةً لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كانَ كَذٰلِكَ لَجازَ كَذِبُهُما مَعًا، كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ، لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ، وَالنَّقِيضانِ لا يَكْذِبانِ مَعًا.
The contradictory of a universal affirmative is not a universal negative, because if it were, both could be false together, as in “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human”; and two contradictories are never false together.
Google Translate ↗p. 81
The lesson
The Sullam defines as the difference of two such that one must be true and the other false. Al-Bājūrī gives its sense in the language first: affirming a thing and lifting it.
He then reads the poem's word for difference, khulf: it is a covering every kind of difference, and “of two ” narrows it. Two commands (“Stand! Do not stand!”), two possessive phrases (“Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”) or two single words (“Zayd, not Zayd”) differ, but they are not contradictories, since none of them is true or false.
On the rules he explains why the of “every A is B” is “some A is not B”, not “no A is B”: the could be false together with the — “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human” are both false — and two contradictories are never false together.
Terms
- التَّناقُضُ al-tanāquḍ
- contradiction: two propositions of which one must be true and the other false
- الخُلْفُ al-khulf
- difference (a verbal noun)
- النَّقِيضانِ al-naqīḍān
- the two contradictories
Examples
كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ / لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ
both false: so the universal negative is not the contradictory of the universal affirmative
Kendini sına
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Soru 1
What does contradiction mean in the language, according to al-Bājūrī?
“In the language, contradiction means affirming a thing and lifting it.”
Soru 2
Why are “Stand! Do not stand!” not contradictories?
Adding “of two propositions” leaves out the difference of performative compounds like “Stand! Do not stand!”.
Soru 3
Why is “No animal is a human” not the contradictory of “Every animal is a human”?
Both are false, and “two contradictories are never false together”; so the contradictory is the particular negative.
Sıradaki ders: Conversion
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