Beranda / al-Ṣughrā / Pelajaran 8 dari 10
Pratinjau
Sekilas pelajaran 8 dari tingkat 1. Tingkat 1 terbuka setelah tingkat 1; sampai saat itu kamu bisa membaca pelajaran ini, tetapi ujinya dan jalan selanjutnya tetap tertutup.
Terkunci
The disjunctive and its three kinds
Kembali ke al-ṢughrāJalur India · tingkat 1 · al-Ṣughrā · Pelajaran 8 dari 10
The disjunctive and its three kinds
Proof · al-munfaṣila wa-aqsāmuhā · hlm. 15–16
المُنْفَصِلَةُ وَأَقْسامُها
Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan
Teks bahasa Persia menurut cetakan Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf
Tentang teks ini
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Teks
- Persia, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan litografi, tanpa hasyiyah di pinggirnya: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā Lihat pindaian
- Pelajaran mengikuti
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, hlm. 5–18. Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri dalam urutan edisi ini; teksnya dilindungi hak cipta dan tidak dimuat.
- Terjemahan
- Karya The Mantiqi sendiri, ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Arab berharakat; draf. Bahasa Arabnya diterjemahkan dari bahasa Persia, bukan diambil dari versi Arab cetak.
- Tinjauan
- Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Teks
Perlu bahasa lain? “Google Terjemahan” membuka sebuah bagian di terjemahan mesin Google — berguna untuk gambaran awal, tetapi tidak kami periksa. Atau salin teksnya ke penerjemah pilihanmu.
Baca seluruh teks bahasa Persia →
Teks asli bahasa Persia, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
سوم شرطیهٔ منفصله و آن مرکب باشد از دو قضیه که میان ایشان حکم کرده باشند بانفصال یا بسلب انفصال، و منفصله بر سه قسم است: اول حقیقیه که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در صدق و کذب هر دو چون هذا العدد اما زوج و اما فرد و این را موجبهٔ حقیقیه گویند، یا حکم کرده باشند بسلب این انفصال چون لیس البتة هذا العدد اما زوجاً و اما منقسماً بمتساویین و این را سالبهٔ حقیقیه خوانند. دوم مانعة الجمع که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در صدق فقط یا بسلب این انفصال چون هذا الشیء اما شجر و اما حجر و لیس البتة هذا الشیء اما لا شجر و اما لا حجر. سوم مانعة الخلو که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در کذب فقط یا بسلب این انفصال چون هذا الشیء اما لا حجر و اما لا شجر و لیس البتة هذا الشیء اما حجر و اما شجر.
The third is the disjunctive conditional (sharṭiyya munfaṣila), made of two propositions between which a separation is judged, or the separation denied. The disjunctive is of three kinds. First, the real (ḥaqīqiyya), in which separation is judged in truth and in falsehood both, like “this number is either even or odd”, which is called the affirmative real disjunctive; or that separation is denied, like “never: this number is either even or divisible into two equal halves”, which is called the negative real disjunctive. Second, the one that excludes being together (māniʿat al-jamʿ), in which separation is judged in truth only, or denied, like “this thing is either a tree or a stone”, and “never: this thing is either not a tree or not a stone”. Third, the one that excludes being absent (māniʿat al-khuluww), in which separation is judged in falsehood only, or denied, like “this thing is either not a stone or not a tree”, and “never: this thing is either a stone or a tree”.
Terjemahan Arab
وَالثَّالِثُ الشَّرْطِيَّةُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ، وَهِيَ الْمُرَكَّبَةُ مِنْ قَضِيَّتَيْنِ حُكِمَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، وَهِيَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: الْأَوَّلُ الْحَقِيقِيَّةُ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الصِّدْقِ وَالْكَذِبِ مَعًا، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الْعَدَدُ إِمَّا زَوْجٌ أَوْ فَرْدٌ، وَتُسَمَّى مُوجَبَةً حَقِيقِيَّةً، أَوْ حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِسَلْبِ هٰذَا الِانْفِصَالِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: لَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الْعَدَدُ إِمَّا زَوْجًا أَوْ مُنْقَسِمًا بِمُتَسَاوِيَيْنِ، وَتُسَمَّى سَالِبَةً حَقِيقِيَّةً. وَالثَّانِي مَانِعَةُ الْجَمْعِ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الصِّدْقِ فَقَطْ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا شَجَرٌ أَوْ حَجَرٌ، وَلَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا لَا شَجَرٌ أَوْ لَا حَجَرٌ. وَالثَّالِثُ مَانِعَةُ الْخُلُوِّ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الْكَذِبِ فَقَطْ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا لَا حَجَرٌ أَوْ لَا شَجَرٌ، وَلَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا حَجَرٌ أَوْ شَجَرٌ.
Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 6–7
Pelajaran
The (sharṭiyya munfaṣila) is made of two whose judgement is one of separation, or of the denial of separation. It has three kinds.
In the real (munfaṣila ḥaqīqiyya) the two parts are separate both in truth and in falsehood: they cannot both be true and cannot both be false. “This number is either even or odd.” Its is “it is not the case that this number is either even or divisible into two equals”, since those two go together.
In the that excludes joining (māniʿat al-jamʿ) the two cannot both be true, but both may be false: “this thing is either a tree or a stone”. A thing cannot be both, but it can be neither, a man for instance.
In the that excludes emptiness (māniʿat al-khulūw) the two cannot both be false, but both may be true: “this man is either a man or a writer”. One of the two must hold, and both can.
Istilah
- الشَّرْطِيَّةُ المُنْفَصِلَةُ al-sharṭiyya al-munfaṣila
- disjunctive conditional: two propositions joined by separation
- الحَقِيقِيَّةُ al-ḥaqīqiyya
- real: not both true, not both false
- مانِعَةُ الجَمْعِ māniʿat al-jamʿ
- excluding joining: not both true
- مانِعَةُ الخُلُوِّ māniʿat al-khulūw
- excluding emptiness: not both false
Contoh
هٰذا العَدَدُ إِمّا زَوْجٌ وَإِمّا فَرْدٌ
“This number is either even or odd”: real
هٰذا الشَّيْءُ إِمّا شَجَرٌ وَإِمّا حَجَرٌ
“This thing is either a tree or a stone”: excluding joining
هٰذا الرَّجُلُ إِمّا إِنْسانٌ وَإِمّا كاتِبٌ
“This man is either a man or a writer”: excluding emptiness
Uji dirimu
3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
“This thing is either a tree or a stone.” Which kind of disjunctive is it?
Nothing is both a tree and a stone, but a thing may be neither. Both cannot be true, both can be false: it excludes joining.
Soal 2
In a real disjunctive the two parts…
A real disjunctive, like “even or odd”, separates its parts in truth and in falsehood: exactly one of them holds.
Soal 3
“This man is either a man or a writer” excludes emptiness. What does that mean?
The man is certainly a man, so the two cannot both be false; and he may also be a writer, so both can be true.
Pelajaran berikutnya: The conjunctive syllogism and the four figures
Lanjutkan →