The four kinds of definition

Definition · anwāʿ al-muʿarrif · pp. 12–13

أَنْواعُ المُعَرِّفِ

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

و هرگاه که جنس قریب را با فصل قریب جمع کنی آن را حد تام خوانند چون حیوان ناطق مر انسان را، و اگر جنس بعید را با فصل قریب جمع کنی آن را حد ناقص گویند چون جسم ناطق مر انسان را، و هرگاه که جنس قریب را با خاصه جمع کنی آن را رسم تام گویند چون حیوان ضاحک مر انسان را، و اگر جنس بعید را با خاصه جمع کنی آن را رسم ناقص خوانند چون جسم ضاحک مر انسان را، و همچنین اگر عرض عام را با خاصه جمع کنی رسم ناقص خوانند چون موجود ضاحک مر انسان را.

Whenever you join the near genus to the near differentia, it is called a complete definition (ḥadd tāmm), like “rational animal” for man; if you join the far genus to the near differentia, it is called an incomplete definition (ḥadd nāqiṣ), like “rational body” for man; whenever you join the near genus to a property, it is called a complete description (rasm tāmm), like “laughing animal” for man; and if you join the far genus to a property, it is called an incomplete description (rasm nāqiṣ), like “laughing body” for man; and likewise, if you join a common accident to a property, it is called an incomplete description, like “laughing existent” for man.

Arabic translation

وَإِذَا جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْقَرِيبَ مَعَ الْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ سُمِّيَ حَدًّا تَامًّا، كَالْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْبَعِيدَ مَعَ الْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ سُمِّيَ حَدًّا نَاقِصًا، كَالْجِسْمِ النَّاطِقِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِذَا جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْقَرِيبَ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا تَامًّا، كَالْحَيَوَانِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْبَعِيدَ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا نَاقِصًا، كَالْجِسْمِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَكَذٰلِكَ إِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْعَرَضَ الْعَامَّ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا نَاقِصًا، كَالْمَوْجُودِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ.

Google Translate ↗pp. 4–5

بدانکه جنس و فصل و حد را بیشتر در حقایق موجوده در خارج استعمال میکنند، و در مفهومات اعتباریه نیز چون اصطلاحات نحاة مثل کلمه و اسم و فعل و حرف و معرب و مبنی استعمال میکنند، و پیش اهل عربیت حد بمعنی معرّف باشد و اقسام او در وی داخل باشد.

Know that genus, differentia and definition are mostly used of realities that exist outside the mind, but they are used of conventional concepts too, such as the terms of the grammarians: word, noun, verb, particle, declinable and indeclinable. And among the scholars of Arabic, “ḥadd” means a definer, and all its kinds are included in it.

Arabic translation

وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ الْجِنْسَ وَالْفَصْلَ وَالْحَدَّ يُسْتَعْمَلُ أَكْثَرُهَا فِي الْحَقَائِقِ الْمَوْجُودَةِ فِي الْخَارِجِ، وَتُسْتَعْمَلُ أَيْضًا فِي الْمَفْهُومَاتِ الِاعْتِبَارِيَّةِ كَاصْطِلَاحَاتِ النُّحَاةِ، مِثْلِ الْكَلِمَةِ وَالِاسْمِ وَالْفِعْلِ وَالْحَرْفِ وَالْمُعْرَبِ وَالْمَبْنِيِّ. وَالْحَدُّ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ بِمَعْنَى الْمُعَرِّفِ، وَأَقْسَامُهُ كُلُّهَا دَاخِلَةٌ فِيهِ.

Google Translate ↗p. 5

The lesson

With these pieces the Ṣughrā builds the four kinds of . Near with near is the complete definition (ḥadd tāmm): “a rational animal” for man. Far genus with near differentia is the incomplete definition (ḥadd nāqiṣ): “a rational body”.

Near with a property is the complete description (rasm tāmm): “a laughing animal”. Far genus with a property, or a with a property, is the incomplete description (rasm nāqiṣ): “a laughing body”, “a laughing existent”, “a walking laugher”.

, and are used mostly for that exist outside the mind, such as animal, body, man and horse. They are also used for made by (mafhūmāt iʿtibāriyya), as in the terms of the grammarians: word, noun, verb, particle, declinable and indeclinable. And among the scholars of Arabic, the word ḥadd means any definer at all, so all four kinds are ḥadd for them.

Terms

الحَدُّ التّامُّ al-ḥadd al-tāmm: complete definition: near genus + near differentia
الحَدُّ النّاقِصُ al-ḥadd al-nāqiṣ: incomplete definition: far genus + near differentia
الرَّسْمُ التّامُّ al-rasm al-tāmm: complete description: near genus + property
الرَّسْمُ النّاقِصُ al-rasm al-nāqiṣ: incomplete description: far genus or common accident + property
المَفاهِيمُ الاعْتِبارِيَّةُ al-mafāhīm al-iʿtibāriyya: concepts made by convention

Examples

حَيَوانٌ ناطِقٌ
complete definition of man
جِسْمٌ ناطِقٌ
incomplete definition of man
حَيَوانٌ ضاحِكٌ
complete description of man
جِسْمٌ ضاحِكٌ
incomplete description of man

Uji dirimu

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Soal 1
“A laughing animal”, said of man, is…
Soal 2
What does a complete definition (ḥadd tāmm) consist of?
Soal 3
What does the word ḥadd mean among the scholars of Arabic, according to the Ṣughrā?

Pelajaran berikutnya: The proposition: categorical and conditional

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