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The kinds of argument and their premises
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The kinds of argument and their premises
Proof and conclusion · aqsām al-ḥujja · pp. 108–110
أَقْسامُ الحُجَّةِ
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Our own lessons with quotations from the print of Cairo 1324/1906 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Text
- Arabic: passages quoted in the lessons, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print (the whole text is not reproduced): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations of the Sullam, verse by verse, following Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; his words are quoted where they matter most.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
In Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī's words
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Quoted from the Arabic of Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(قَوْلُهُ وَبُرْهانٌ) سَيَأْتِي أَنَّهُ ما رُكِّبَ مِنْ مُقَدِّماتٍ يَقِينِيَّةٍ، نَحْوُ قَوْلِكَ: زَيْدٌ إِنْسانٌ، وَكُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ، يُنْتِجُ: زَيْدٌ حَيَوانٌ، وَسُمِّيَ بِذٰلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ مَأْخُوذٌ مِنَ البَرْهِ، وَهُوَ القَطْعُ، لِما فِيهِ مِنْ قَطْعِ الخَصْمِ عَنِ المُنازَعَةِ. (قَوْلُهُ جَدَلٌ) هُوَ بِفَتْحِ أَوَّلِهِ ما رُكِّبَ مِنْ مُقَدِّماتٍ مَشْهُورَةٍ أَوْ مُسَلَّمَةٍ، إِمّا عِنْدَ النّاسِ وَإِمّا عِنْدَ الخَصْمِ؛ فَمِثالُ الأَوَّلِ أَنْ تَقُولَ: الظُّلْمُ قَبِيحٌ، وَكُلُّ قَبِيحٍ يَشِينُ، يُنْتِجُ: الظُّلْمُ يَشِينُ.
(His words “and demonstration”): it will be explained that it is what is composed of certain premises, as when you say, “Zayd is a human, and every human is an animal”, yielding “Zayd is an animal.” It is so named because it is taken from barh, “cutting”, since it cuts the opponent off from disputing. (“Dialectic”): jadal, with a on the first letter, is what is composed of widely accepted or conceded premises, accepted either by people at large or by the opponent. An example of the first is to say, “Injustice is ugly, and everything ugly disgraces”, yielding “Injustice disgraces.”
Google Translate ↗p. 108
(قَوْلُهُ مُتَواتِراتٌ) هِيَ ما يُدْرِكُها العَقْلُ بِواسِطَةِ السَّماعِ عَنْ جَمْعٍ يُؤْمَنُ تَواطُؤُهُمْ عَلَى الكَذِبِ، كَقَوْلِكَ: سَيِّدُنا مُحَمَّدٌ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ظَهَرَتِ المُعْجِزَةُ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ لا يُشْتَرَطُ عَدَدٌ مَخْصُوصٌ، بَلِ المَدارُ عَلَى كَوْنِ المُخْبِرِينَ يَمْتَنِعُ تَواطُؤُهُمْ عَلَى الكَذِبِ، وَيَخْتَلِفُ ذٰلِكَ بِاخْتِلافِ الوَقائِعِ وَالأَحْوالِ.
(His words “the transmitted by many”): they are what the mind grasps through hearing from a group whose agreeing on a lie is ruled out, as when you say, “Our master Muḥammad, God bless him and give him peace, worked miracles.” The sound view is that no particular number is required: what counts is that the informants cannot have agreed on a lie, and that differs with the events and the circumstances.
Google Translate ↗p. 110
The lesson
The Sullam divides arguments by their matter into five: (burhān), from ; (jadal), from the widely accepted and the conceded; , from the received and the supposed; poetry, from the ; and , from the and the look-alikes. It names the kinds of certain premise: , the observed, the experienced, the transmitted by many, the intuited and the sensed.
Al-Bājūrī explains each name and gives it an example. is named from barh, “cutting”, because it cuts the opponent off from disputing: “Zayd is a human, and every human is an animal; so Zayd is an animal.” uses accepted by people at large or by the opponent: “Injustice is ugly, and everything ugly disgraces; so injustice disgraces.”
Of the transmitted by many (mutawātirāt) he says that what counts is not a set number of informants but that their agreeing on a lie is ruled out, which differs with the events and circumstances; and he notes that scholars disagree whether such is or . Only yields certainty; the other arts have their uses, but a careful reasoner knows which kind of premise he is using.
Terms
- البُرْهانُ al-burhān
- demonstration: from certain premises
- الجَدَلُ al-jadal
- dialectic: from widely accepted or conceded premises
- المُتَواتِراتُ al-mutawātirāt
- what is transmitted by so many that their agreeing on a lie is ruled out
Examples
الظُّلْمُ قَبِيحٌ وَكُلُّ قَبِيحٍ يَشِينُ
“injustice is ugly, and everything ugly disgraces”: a dialectical argument from widely accepted premises
Uji dirimu
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Soal 1
Why, according to al-Bājūrī, is demonstration called burhān?
“It is taken from barh, cutting, since it cuts the opponent off from disputing.”
Soal 2
“Injustice is ugly, and everything ugly disgraces” is his example of…
It is his example of dialectic from premises widely accepted by people.
Soal 3
How many informants make a report mutawātir, on the sound view he gives?
“No particular number is required: what counts is that the informants cannot have agreed on a lie.”
Pelajaran berikutnya: Errors in proof
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