قفل

Signification and the kinds of utterance

پیش‌نمایش

نگاهی به درس 2 از سطح 3. سطح 3 پس از سطح 2 باز می‌شود؛ تا آن زمان می‌توانی این درس را بخوانی، اما آزمون آن و راه پس از آن بسته می‌ماند.

آغاز: صغری و کبرای جرجانی همهٔ سطح‌ها

مسیر هندی · سطح 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · درس 2 از 16

پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی

Signification and the kinds of utterance

الفاظ و دلالت

الأَلْفَاظ وَالدَّلَالَة

متن عربی بر پایهٔ چاپ Cairo 1330/1912 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس

دربارهٔ این متن

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ

Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)

متن: عربی: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 دیدن تصویر اسکن
ترجمه: کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
بازبینی: پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

متن Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī

ترجمه فعلاً به انگلیسی است.

فَصْلٌ

دَلالَةُ اللَّفْظِ عَلَى تَمامِ ما وُضِعَ لَهُ مُطابَقَةٌ، وَعَلَى جُزْئِهِ تَضَمُّنٌ، وَعَلَى الخارِجِ التِزامٌ، وَلا بُدَّ مِنَ اللُّزُومِ عَقْلًا أَوْ عُرْفًا، وَتَلْزَمُهُما المُطابَقَةُ وَلَوْ تَقْدِيرًا، وَلا عَكْسَ.

The of an on the whole of what it was coined for is (muṭābaqa), on its part is (taḍammun), and on what lies outside it is (iltizām). For implication there must be a necessary link, by reason or by custom. Correspondence accompanies both of the others, if only by supposition; not the other way round.

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · ص 4

فَصْلٌ

وَالمَوْضُوعُ لَهُ إِنْ قُصِدَ بِجُزْءٍ مِنْهُ الدَّلالَةُ عَلَى جُزْءِ المَعْنَى فَمُرَكَّبٌ: إِمّا تامٌّ، خَبَرٌ أَوْ إِنْشاءٌ، وَإِمّا ناقِصٌ، تَقْيِيدِيٌّ أَوْ غَيْرُهُ، وَإِلّا فَمُفْرَدٌ. وَهُوَ إِنِ اسْتَقَلَّ، فَمَعَ الدَّلالَةِ بِهَيْئَتِهِ عَلَى أَحَدِ الأَزْمِنَةِ الثَّلاثَةِ كَلِمَةٌ، وَبِدُونِها اسْمٌ، وَإِلّا فَأَداةٌ. وَأَيْضًا إِنِ اتَّحَدَ مَعْناهُ، فَمَعَ تَشَخُّصِهِ وَضْعًا عَلَمٌ، وَبِدُونِهِ مُتَواطِئٌ إِنِ اسْتَوَتْ أَفْرادُهُ، وَمُشَكِّكٌ إِنْ تَفاوَتَتْ إِمّا بِأَوَّلِيَّةٍ أَوْ أَوْلَوِيَّةٍ؛ وَإِنْ كَثُرَ مَعْناهُ، فَإِنْ وُضِعَ لِكُلٍّ فَمُشْتَرَكٌ، وَإِلّا فَإِنِ اشْتَهَرَ فِي الثّانِي فَمَنْقُولٌ يُنْسَبُ إِلَى النّاقِلِ، وَإِلّا فَحَقِيقَةٌ وَمَجازٌ.

As for the coined : if a part of it is meant to signify a part of the meaning, it is composite (murakkab) — either complete, a report (khabar) or a performative (inshāʾ), or incomplete, restrictive (taqyīdī) or otherwise. If not, it is single (mufrad). The single utterance, if it stands on its own, is a verb (kalima) if by its form it also signifies one of the three times, and a noun (ism) if it does not; otherwise it is a particle (adāt). Again: if its meaning is one, then with its individuation in the coining it is a proper name (ʿalam); without it, it is univocal (mutawāṭiʾ) if its instances are equal, and modulated (mushakkik) if they differ, by priority or by greater fitness. If its meanings are many: if it was coined for each, it is homonymous (mushtarak); if not, then if it became well known in the second meaning it is transferred (manqūl), named after the one who transferred it; otherwise it is literal (ḥaqīqa) and figurative (majāz).

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · ص 4–5

خودت را بیازما

3 پرسش دربارهٔ آنچه شرح توضیح می‌دهد. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.

پرسش 1
“House” signifies the roof. What kind of signification is this?
پرسش 2
Which does the Tahdhīb say accompanies the other two kinds of signification?
پرسش 3
An utterance with one meaning whose instances differ by priority or greater fitness, like “existence” or “white”, is called…

درس بعدی: Universal and particular; the four relations

ادامه ←