خانه / Indian path · level 3 / درس 10 از 16

قفل

The kinds of conditional

بازگشت به سطح 4

Preview

A look at lesson 10 of level 3. Level 3 opens after level 2; until then you can read this lesson, but its test and the way on stay closed.

Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · درس 10 از 16

The kinds of conditional

قضایا

القَضَايَا

Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ

Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)

Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

متن Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī

ترجمه فعلاً به انگلیسی است.

فَصْلٌ فِي أَقْسامِ الشَّرْطِيَّةِ

الشَّرْطِيَّةُ مُتَّصِلَةٌ إِنْ حُكِمَ فِيها بِثُبُوتِ نِسْبَةٍ عَلَى تَقْدِيرِ أُخْرَى أَوْ نَفْيِها، لُزُومِيَّةٌ إِنْ كانَ ذٰلِكَ لِعَلاقَةٍ، وَإِلّا فَاتِّفاقِيَّةٌ؛ وَمُنْفَصِلَةٌ إِنْ حُكِمَ فِيها بِتَنافِي نِسْبَتَيْنِ أَوْ لا تَنافِيهِما، صِدْقًا وَكَذِبًا وَهِيَ الحَقِيقِيَّةُ، أَوْ صِدْقًا فَقَطْ فَمانِعَةُ الجَمْعِ، أَوْ كَذِبًا فَقَطْ فَمانِعَةُ الخُلُوِّ، وَكُلٌّ مِنْها عِنادِيَّةٌ إِنْ كانَ التَّنافِي لِذاتِ الجُزْأَيْنِ، وَإِلّا فَاتِّفاقِيَّةٌ. ثُمَّ الحُكْمُ فِي الشَّرْطِيَّةِ إِنْ كانَ عَلَى جَمِيعِ التَّقادِيرِ لِلمُقَدَّمِ فَكُلِّيَّةٌ، أَوْ بَعْضِها مُطْلَقًا فَجُزْئِيَّةٌ، أَوْ مُعَيَّنًا فَشَخْصِيَّةٌ، وَإِلّا فَمُهْمَلَةٌ. وَطَرَفا الشَّرْطِيَّةِ فِي الأَصْلِ قَضِيَّتانِ، حَمْلِيَّتانِ أَوْ مُتَّصِلَتانِ أَوْ مُنْفَصِلَتانِ أَوْ مُخْتَلِفَتانِ، إِلّا أَنَّهُما خَرَجَتا بِزِيادَةِ أَداةِ الاتِّصالِ وَالانْفِصالِ عَنِ التَّمامِ.

A is (muttaṣila) if it judges that a relation holds, or does not hold, on the supposition of another: implicative (luzūmiyya) if this is because of a link, otherwise coincidental (ittifāqiyya). It is (munfaṣila) if it judges that two relations exclude each other, or do not: in truth and in falsehood, and that is the real disjunctive; in truth only, the one that bars joining (māniʿat al-jamʿ); in falsehood only, the one that bars lacking both (māniʿat al-khulūw). Each of these is oppositional (ʿinādiyya) if the exclusion is due to the very parts, otherwise coincidental. The judgement in a conditional is if it holds on every supposition of the ; if on some of them without specifying; if on a specified one; otherwise . The two sides of a conditional are in origin two — two , two connectives, two disjunctives or of different kinds — but they have ceased to be complete by the addition of the particle of connection or disjunction.

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · ص 9

خودت را بیازما

3 پرسش دربارهٔ آنچه شرح توضیح می‌دهد. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.

  1. پرسش 1

    “If the sun has risen, the day exists” — which kind of connective is it?

  2. پرسش 2

    “This number is either even or odd” excludes both their being true together and their being false together. It is…

  3. پرسش 3

    Why are the two sides of a conditional no longer propositions, though they were in origin?

درس بعدی: Contradiction

ادامه ←