خانه / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / درس 16 از 18
پیش‌نمایش
نگاهی به درس 16 از سطح 2. سطح 2 پس از سطح 1 باز می‌شود؛ تا آن زمان می‌توانی این درس را بخوانی، اما آزمون آن و راه پس از آن بسته می‌ماند.
قفل
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
بازگشت به Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullamمسیر مغربی · سطح 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · درس 16 از 18
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
The syllogism · lawāḥiq al-qiyās · ص 104–107
لَواحِقُ القِياسِ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
درس‌های خود ما با نقل‌هایی از چاپ Cairo 1324/1906 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- متن
- عربی: بخش‌هایی که در درس‌ها نقل شده، رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ (همهٔ متن نقل نمی‌شود): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi بر سلم است، بیت به بیت، به پیروی از Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ سخنانش هر جا مهم‌تر است نقل می‌شود.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
به سخن Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
نقل‌شده از متن عربی Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(فَصْلٌ فِي لَواحِقِ القِياسِ) الإِضافَةُ جِنْسِيَّةٌ لا اسْتِغْراقِيَّةٌ، لِأَنَّ المُصَنِّفَ لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ إِلّا عَلَى ثَلاثَةٍ مِنْها، وَهِيَ القِياسُ المُرَكَّبُ وَقِياسُ الاسْتِقْراءِ وَقِياسُ التَّمْثِيلِ، وَأَهْمَلَ رابِعًا وَهُوَ قِياسُ الخُلْفِ، وَضابِطُهُ أَنْ يُسْتَدَلَّ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ المَطْلُوبِ بِإِبْطالِ نَقِيضِهِ.
(Chapter on what follows the syllogism): the possessive here names the kind, not all of its members, for the author speaks of only three of them — the compound syllogism, induction and analogy — and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf), whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory.
Google Translate ↗ص 104
… لِأَنَّهُ يُفِيدُ القَطْعَ بِالَّذِي اسْتُدِلَّ عَلَيْهِ بِهِ، كَما إِذا تَصَفَّحْتَ جَمِيعَ جُزْئِيّاتِ الحَيَوانِ فَوَجَدْتَ المَوْتَ لازِمًا لَها، فَاسْتَدْلَلْتَ بِذٰلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ كُلَّ حَيَوانٍ مَيِّتٌ، وَأَمّا الثّانِي فَلِأَنَّهُ لا يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَشابُهِ الأَمْرَيْنِ فِي شَيْءٍ أَنَّهُما كَذٰلِكَ فِي شَيْءٍ آخَرَ.
… for [complete induction] gives certainty of what it is used to prove: as when you go through all the particular kinds of animal, find death bound to them, and conclude that every animal dies. As for the second [analogy], it is because two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.
Google Translate ↗ص 107
درس
The Sullam ends its account of the with “what follows it”: the compound syllogism, whose becomes a of the next; (istiqrāʾ); and (tamthīl). Al-Bājūrī remarks that the poem names only three of these and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf): proving what is sought by refuting its .
His example of a reductio is from kalām: to prove that God is eternal, one argues that if He were not eternal He would be originated; that if He were originated an absurdity would follow; and that what leads to an absurdity is false. So His being originated is false, and what is sought is proved.
On he distinguishes the complete and the incomplete. Complete induction gives certainty: one goes through all the kinds of animal, finds death bound to each, and concludes that every animal dies. Incomplete induction gives only probability, as does , because two things being alike in one respect does not make them alike in another.
اصطلاحات
- الاسْتِقْراءُ al-istiqrāʾ
- induction: going through the particulars
- التَّمْثِيلُ al-tamthīl
- analogy: from one particular to another
- قِياسُ الخُلْفِ qiyās al-khulf
- reductio: proving by refuting the contradictory
مثال‌ها
لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدِيمًا لَكانَ حادِثًا
“if He were not eternal, He would be originated”: the start of a reductio
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Which of “what follows the syllogism” does al-Bājūrī say the poem leaves out?
The poem speaks of three, “and leaves out a fourth, the reductio, whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory”.
پرسش 2
Which kind of induction gives certainty?
Complete induction “gives certainty of what it is used to prove”, as when all kinds of animal are found to die.
پرسش 3
Why does analogy not give certainty?
“Two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.”
درس بعدی: The kinds of argument and their premises
ادامه ←