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Conception, assent and judgement
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Conception, assent and judgement
Knowledge and how it is gained · al-taṣawwur wa-l-taṣdīq · p. 6
التَّصَوُّرُ وَالتَّصْدِيقُ
Draft · awaiting review
Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Text
- Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā View the scan
- Lessons follow
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
بدانکه هر چه در ذهن بیاید اگر خالی از حکم باشد آن را تصور خوانند چون تصور انسان مثلاً، و اگر با حکم باشد آن را تصدیق خوانند چنانکه زید نویسنده است مثلاً. و حکم نسبت امریست با امری دیگر بر وجه ایقاع و آن را ایجاب خوانند چون انسان کاتب است، یا بر وجه انتزاع و آن را سلب خوانند چون انسان کاتب نیست.
Know that whatever comes into the mind, if it is free of a judgement, is called conception (taṣawwur), such as the conception of man; and if it comes with a judgement, it is called assent (taṣdīq), such as “Zayd is a writer”. A judgement is the relating of one thing to another, either by way of establishing it, which is called affirmation (ījāb), as in “man is a writer”, or by way of removing it, which is called negation (salb), as in “man is not a writer”.
Arabic translation
اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا يَأْتِي إِلَى الذِّهْنِ إِنْ كَانَ خَالِيًا عَنِ الْحُكْمِ سُمِّيَ تَصَوُّرًا، كَتَصَوُّرِ الْإِنْسَانِ مَثَلًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ مَعَ الْحُكْمِ سُمِّيَ تَصْدِيقًا، كَقَوْلِكَ: زَيْدٌ كَاتِبٌ مَثَلًا. وَالْحُكْمُ نِسْبَةُ أَمْرٍ إِلَى أَمْرٍ آخَرَ عَلَى وَجْهِ الْإِيقَاعِ، وَيُسَمَّى إِيجَابًا، كَقَوْلِنَا: الْإِنْسَانُ كَاتِبٌ، أَوْ عَلَى وَجْهِ الِانْتِزَاعِ، وَيُسَمَّى سَلْبًا، كَقَوْلِنَا: الْإِنْسَانُ لَيْسَ بِكَاتِبٍ.
The lesson
The Ṣughrā begins where every book begins: with what comes into the mind. Whatever we come to know is either free of a judgement or comes with one. free of a judgement is called (taṣawwur): you grasp the meaning of a word or a thing, such as “man” or “writing”, without saying anything about it. Knowledge that comes with a judgement is called (taṣdīq): you hold that something is so, as in “Zayd is a writer”.
The judgement (ḥukm) is the relating of one thing to another: of a , such as the predicate of a nominal sentence or a verb, to a , such as the subject of the sentence or the doer of the verb. If the relation is affirmed, the judgement is called (ījāb): “Zayd is a writer”, “Zayd hit”. If it is denied, it is called (salb): “Zayd is not a writer”, “ʿAmr did not hit”.
This division matters for everything that follows. has two halves because has two kinds: the half on teaches how to reach an unknown , and the half on proof teaches how to reach an unknown .
Terms
- العِلْمُ al-ʿilm
- knowledge: what comes into the mind
- التَّصَوُّرُ al-taṣawwur
- conception: knowledge without a judgement
- التَّصْدِيقُ al-taṣdīq
- assent: knowledge with a judgement
- الحُكْمُ al-ḥukm
- judgement: relating one thing to another
- الإِيجابُ al-ījāb
- affirmation
- السَّلْبُ al-salb
- negation
Examples
الإِنْسانُ
“man”: a conception, nothing is said about it
زَيْدٌ كاتِبٌ
“Zayd is a writer”: an assent with an affirmation
زَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِكاتِبٍ
“Zayd is not a writer”: an assent with a negation
Test yourself
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Question 1
You hear the word “horse” and understand what it means, but nothing is said about horses. What kind of knowledge do you have?
without a judgement is . Only when something is affirmed or denied of the horse does come in.
Question 2
What is the judgement (ḥukm) in “Zayd is a writer”?
The judgement is the relation of the (“writer”) to the (“Zayd”). Here it is affirmed, so it is an (ījāb).
Question 3
“ʿAmr did not hit.” Which kind of judgement does this sentence carry?
The relation of hitting to ʿAmr is denied, so the judgement is a (salb). It is still an : something is held about ʿAmr.
Next lesson: Self-evident and acquired; reflection
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