خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 18 از 18
پیش‌نمایش
نگاهی به درس 18 از سطح 1. سطح 1 پس از سطح 1 باز می‌شود؛ تا آن زمان می‌توانی این درس را بخوانی، اما آزمون آن و راه پس از آن بسته می‌ماند.
قفل
Errors in proof, and the close of the poem
بازگشت به al-Sullam al-munawraqمسیر مغربی · سطح 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 18 از 18
Errors in proof, and the close of the poem
Proof and conclusion · al-khātima · ص 30–32
الْخَاتِمَةُ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
متن عربی بر پایهٔ چاپ Jakarta 1434/2013 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- متن
- عربی, رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi است، فصل به فصل از خود متن.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
متن
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
اصل عربی، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
وَخَطَأُ الْبُرْهَانِ حَيْثُ وُجِدَافِي مَادَّةٍ أَوْ صُورَةٍ فَالْمُبْتَدَا
فِي اللَّفْظِ كَاشْتِرَاكٍ اَوْ كَجَعْلِ ذَاتَبَايُنٍ مِثْلَ الرَّدِيفِ مَأْخَذَا
وَفِي الْمَعَانِي لِالْتِبَاسِ الْكَاذِبَهْبِذَاتِ صِدْقٍ فَافْهَمِ الْمُخَاطَبَهْ
An error in a demonstration, wherever it is found, lies in the matter or in the form. The first is in the wording, like equivocation, or like taking as distinct what is synonymous; and in the meanings, through a false premise being confused with a true one — so understand what is said:
كَمِثْلِ جَعْلِ الْعَرَضِي كَالذَّاتِيأَوْ نَاتِجٍ إِحْدَى الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ
وَالْحُكْمِ لِلْجِنْسِ بِحُكْمِ النَّوْعِوَجَعْلِ كَالْقَطْعِيِّ غَيْرِ الْقَطْعِي
وَالثَّانِ كَالْخُرُوجِ عَنْ أَشْكَالِهِوَتَرْكِ شَرْطِ النَّتْجِ مِنْ إِكْمَالِهِ
like treating the accidental as the essential, or taking the conclusion as one of the premises, or judging the genus by the judgement of the species, or treating the uncertain as certain. The second is like leaving its figures, or leaving out a condition of producing from its completeness.
Google Translate ↗ص 30–31
هٰذَا تَمَامُ الْغَرَضِ الْمَقْصُودِمِنْ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمَنْطِقِ الْمَحْمُودِ
قَدِ انْتَهَى بِحَمْدِ رَبِّ الْفَلَقِمَا رُمْتُهُ مِنْ فَنِّ عِلْمِ الْمَنْطِقِ
نَظَمَهُ الْعَبْدُ الذَّلِيلُ الْمُفْتَقِرْلِرَحْمَةِ الْمَوْلَى الْعَظِيمِ الْمُقْتَدِرْ
الْأَخْضَرِيُّ عَابِدُ الرَّحْمٰنِالْمُرْتَجِي مِنْ رَبِّهِ الْمَنَّانِ
This completes the intended aim among the mothers of praiseworthy logic. By the praise of the Lord of the daybreak, what I sought from the science of logic is finished. The lowly, needy servant put it in verse, in need of the mercy of the great, mighty Master: al-Akhḍarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, hoping from his generous Lord
مَغْفِرَةً تُحِيطُ بِالذُّنُوبِوَتَكْشِفُ الْغِطَا عَنِ الْقُلُوبِ
وَأَنْ يُثِيبَنَا بِجَنَّةِ الْعُلَافَإِنَّهُ أَكْرَمُ مَنْ تَفَضَّلَا
for forgiveness that covers all sins and lifts the veil from hearts, and that He reward us with the high Garden, for He is the most generous of those who give.
وَكُنْ أَخِي لِلْمُبْتَدِي مُسَامِحَاوَكُنْ لِإِصْلَاحِ الْفَسَادِ نَاصِحَا
وَأَصْلِحِ الْفَسَادَ بِالتَّأَمُّلِوَإِنْ بَدِيهَةً فَلَا تُبَدِّلِ
إِذْ قِيلَ كَمْ مُزَيِّفٍ صَحِيحَالِأَجْلِ كَوْنِ فَهْمِهِ قَبِيحَا
وَقُلْ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَنْتَصِفْ لِمَقْصِدِيالْعُذْرُ حَقٌّ وَاجِبٌ لِلْمُبْتَدِي
Be lenient, my brother, with the beginner, and be a sincere helper in setting right what is wrong. Set right what is wrong after reflection, and do not change things on first sight, for it has been said: how many have found fault with what is sound only because their understanding was poor! And say to whoever does not do my purpose justice: the excuse is a right owed to the beginner,
وَلِبُنَيِّ إِحْدَى وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَهْمَعْذِرَةٌ مَقْبُولَةٌ مُسْتَحْسَنَهْ
لَا سِيَّمَا فِي عَاشِرِ الْقُرُونِذِي الْجَهْلِ وَالْفَسَادِ وَالْفُتُونِ
وَكَانَ فِي أَوَائِلِ الْمُحَرَّمِتَأْلِيفُ هٰذَا الرَّجَزِ الْمُنَظَّمِ
مِنْ سَنَةٍ إِحْدَى وَأَرْبَعِينَمِنْ بَعْدِ تِسْعَةٍ مِنَ الْمِئِينَ
and for a youth of twenty-one years an excuse is accepted and fitting, above all in the tenth century, the age of ignorance, corruption and strife. The writing of this ordered rajaz was at the beginning of Muḥarram of the year forty-one after nine hundred.
Google Translate ↗ص 31–32
ثُمَّ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ سَرْمَدَاعَلَى رَسُولِ اللّٰهِ خَيْرِ مَنْ هَدَى
وَآلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ الثِّقَاتِالسَّالِكِينَ سُبُلَ النَّجَاةِ
مَا قَطَعَتْ شَمْسُ النَّهَارِ أَبْرُجَاوَطَلَعَ الْبَدْرُ الْمُنِيرُ فِي الدُّجَا
Then blessing and peace for ever on the Messenger of God, the best who ever guided, and his family and trustworthy companions, who travel the paths of salvation, as long as the sun of the day crosses the constellations and the shining full moon rises in the dark.
درس
The lists where a goes wrong: in its matter or in its form. In the matter, through words — equivocation, or treating synonyms as distinct — or through meanings, when a false is mistaken for a true one: treating the as , assuming the conclusion as a premise, judging the by what holds of a , or treating the uncertain as certain. In the form, by leaving the or dropping a condition of producing.
Then the poet closes. He names himself, al-Akhḍarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; asks the reader to be lenient with the beginner and to correct mistakes only after , since many find fault with what is sound only because they misunderstand it; and asks pardon for a youth of twenty-one in the tenth century. He wrote the poem at the start of Muḥarram 941 (July 1534), and ends with blessings on the Prophet, his family and companions.
اصطلاحات
- خَطَأُ الْمَادَّةِ khaṭaʾ al-mādda
- an error in the matter: the premises
- خَطَأُ الصُّورَةِ khaṭaʾ al-ṣūra
- an error in the form: the figure and its conditions
- الْمُصَادَرَةُ al-muṣādara
- assuming the conclusion as a premise
- الْمُسَامَحَةُ al-musāmaḥa
- leniency with the beginner
مثال‌ها
وَكُنْ أَخِي لِلْمُبْتَدِي مُسَامِحَا
be lenient, my brother, with the beginner
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Leaving out a condition of a figure is an error in…
Leaving the figures or dropping a condition of producing is an error of form.
پرسش 2
Taking the conclusion as one of the premises is an error in…
It is among the errors of matter through meanings.
پرسش 3
How old was al-Akhḍarī when he wrote the Sullam, by his own words?
He asks pardon for a youth of twenty-one years; he wrote it in 941.
این آخرین درس al-Sullam al-munawraq بود.
بعدی: Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam