خانه / al-Ṣughrā / درس 4 از 10
قفل
The five universals
بازگشت به al-Ṣughrāمسیر هندی · سطح 1 · al-Ṣughrā · درس 4 از 10
The five universals
Definition · al-kulliyyāt al-khams · ص 9–11
الكُلِّيّاتُ الخَمْسُ
پیشنویس · در انتظار بازبینی
متن فارسی بر پایهٔ چاپ Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیشنویس
دربارهٔ این متن
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- متن
- فارسی, رونویسی The Mantiqi از چاپ سنگی، بدون حاشیههای کنار صفحه: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درسها دنبال میکنند
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, ص 5–18. درسها توضیح خود The Mantiqi به ترتیب این چاپ است؛ متن آن دارای حق نشر است و نقل نمیشود.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi، به انگلیسی و به عربی اعرابگذاریشده؛ پیشنویس. عربی از فارسی ترجمه شده، نه از نسخهای چاپی به عربی گرفته شده.
- بازبینی
- پیشنویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
متن
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز میکند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکردهایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
اصل فارسی، Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
چون کلی را نسبت کنی با افراد وی یا عین حقیقت افراد باشد چون انسان، آن را نوع خوانند؛ یا جزو حقیقت افراد باشد، پس اگر تمام مشترک است میان حقیقت آن افراد و ماهیتی دیگر، چون حیوان که تمام مشترک است میان انسان و دیگر حیوانات، آن را جنس خوانند، و اگر چنین نباشد آن را فصل خوانند، خواه مشترک نباشد چون ناطق و خواه مشترک لکن تمام مشترک نباشد چون حساس؛ و یا خارج از حقیقت افراد باشد، اگر خاص بیک ماهیت باشد آن را خاصه خوانند چون ضاحک، و اگر خاص نباشد آن را عرض عام خوانند چون ماشی.
When you relate a universal to its individuals, it is either the whole reality of the individuals, like man, and is called a species (nawʿ); or a part of their reality — then, if it is the whole of what is shared between the reality of those individuals and another quiddity, like animal, which is the whole of what is shared between man and the other animals, it is called a genus (jins), and if it is not so, it is called a differentia (faṣl), whether it is not shared at all, like rational, or shared but not the whole of what is shared, like sensing; or it is outside the reality of the individuals — if it belongs to one quiddity only, it is called a property (khāṣṣa), like laughing, and if not, a common accident (ʿaraḍ ʿāmm), like walking.
ترجمهٔ عربی
وَإِذَا نَسَبْتَ الْكُلِّيَّ إِلَى أَفْرَادِهِ فَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ عَيْنَ حَقِيقَتِهَا، كَالْإِنْسَانِ، وَيُسَمَّى نَوْعًا، أَوْ جُزْءَ حَقِيقَتِهَا، فَإِنْ كَانَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ بَيْنَ حَقِيقَةِ تِلْكَ الْأَفْرَادِ وَمَاهِيَّةٍ أُخْرَى، كَالْحَيَوَانِ الَّذِي هُوَ تَمَامُ الْمُشْتَرَكِ بَيْنَ الْإِنْسَانِ وَسَائِرِ الْحَيَوَانَاتِ، سُمِّيَ جِنْسًا، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ كَذٰلِكَ سُمِّيَ فَصْلًا، سَوَاءٌ لَمْ يَكُنْ مُشْتَرَكًا كَالنَّاطِقِ، أَوْ كَانَ مُشْتَرَكًا لٰكِنْ لَيْسَ تَمَامَ الْمُشْتَرَكِ كَالْحَسَّاسِ؛ أَوْ يَكُونَ خَارِجًا عَنْ حَقِيقَةِ الْأَفْرَادِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ مُخْتَصًّا بِمَاهِيَّةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ سُمِّيَ خَاصَّةً، كَالضَّاحِكِ، وَإِلَّا سُمِّيَ عَرَضًا عَامًّا، كَالْمَاشِي.
ص 3–4
درس
Compare a with the individuals it is said of, and there are five possibilities. If it is the whole of its individuals, like “man” for Zayd and ʿAmr, it is the (nawʿ). If it is part of their reality and not shared at all with other kinds, like “rational” for man, it is the (faṣl); a differentia that is shared, but not the whole of what is shared, like “sensing” for animal, is a differentia too, but of the .
If it is part of their and is the whole shared part between the thing and another kind, like “animal” for man and horse, it is the (jins). If it lies outside their reality and belongs only to individuals of one reality, like “laughing” or “writing” for man, it is the property (khāṣṣa). If it lies outside and does not belong to one reality only, like “walking” or “breathing” for animals, it is the (ʿaraḍ ʿāmm).
The key phrase is the whole shared part (tamām al-mushtarak): what two things share, such that nothing else they share in their lies outside it. Man and horse share being a substance, having three dimensions, growing, sensing and moving by will; “animal” sums all of these up and is the last thing they share. So “animal” is their whole shared part, and their .
The Ṣughrā also names the differentias by their nearness: the of the (“rational”) is the near differentia (faṣl qarīb), the differentia of the (“sensing”) is the far differentia (faṣl baʿīd).
اصطلاحات
- النَّوْعُ al-nawʿ
- species: the whole reality of its individuals
- الفَصْلُ al-faṣl
- differentia: the part of the reality that sets it apart
- الجِنْسُ al-jins
- genus: the whole part shared with other kinds
- الخاصَّةُ al-khāṣṣa
- property: outside the reality, belongs to one kind only
- العَرَضُ العامُّ al-ʿaraḍ al-ʿāmm
- common accident: outside the reality, belongs to many kinds
- تَمامُ المُشْتَرَكِ tamām al-mushtarak
- the whole shared part
- الفَصْلُ القَرِيبُ al-faṣl al-qarīb
- near differentia (of the species)
- الفَصْلُ البَعِيدُ al-faṣl al-baʿīd
- far differentia (of the genus)
مثالها
الإِنْسانُ
species of Zayd and ʿAmr
النّاطِقُ
differentia of man
الحَيَوانُ
genus of man and horse
الضّاحِكُ
property of man
الماشِي
common accident of animals
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز میشود.
پرسش 1
“Laughing” said of human beings is…
Laughing lies outside what man is, but belongs to man alone among the animals, so it is a property.
پرسش 2
Why is “animal” the genus of man and horse, and not “body”?
Man and horse share being bodies, growing, sensing and moving by will; “animal” sums all of these up, so it is the whole shared part (tamām al-mushtarak) between them. “Body” is shared too, but it is not the whole of what they share.
پرسش 3
“Walking” said of animals is a common accident because it…
Walking is not part of what any animal is, and many kinds walk, so it is a common accident (ʿaraḍ ʿāmm).
درس بعدی: Near and far genus
ادامه ←